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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; 



THE 



INVENTOR'S Universal Educator. 

AN EDUCATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA 

AND GUIDE 

FOR INVENTORS, PATENTEES, MANUFACTURERS, MECHANICS AND ALL OTHERS 
CONNECTED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY WITH 

PATENTS. 



COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY - 

FRED Q. DIETERICH, 

SOLICITOR OF PATENTS, MECHANICAL EXPERT, 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



COPYRIGHT 1899-1906. 



lUBRARy^fOONQRESs] 

Twooodiw HecelvwJ 

OFX 2b 1906 

OUVBS '^ WW, NO, 
COPY ^ ■ 






Fred Q. Dieterich & Co., 



PATENTS AND 
PATENT CAUSES, 



ALBERT E. DIETERICH. 

FORMERLY 

ASSISTANT EXAMINER U. S. 

PATENT OFFICE. 

ATTORNEY AT LAW 

practicing before 

Patent and district of 

Columbia Bar. 



Ouray Building, Opposite U. S. Patent Office, 

washington, d. c. 



FRED G. DIETERICH, 

PATENT ATTORNEY 

AND 

MECHANICAL EXPERT. 



U. S. and Foreign Patents Procured; yaiidity 

Reports. Infringement Suits. Experting. 

Thirty Years Actual Experience. 

Write for Guide Books— How to Proceed, Requirements, Etc. 




YOURS FOR "NEW IDEAS" 

FRED G. DIETERICH. 



Pi WORD WIT« YOU 



In presenting this work to Inventors, ManufarCturers, Mechanics, and others directly or indirectl5' interested in 
Patents, the author has in view the presentation of information concerning- the lawful requirements relating to 
patents; what may or may not be patented ; the proper steps to take to secure protection for new ideas, and with 
specialinformation how best select a proper attoi-ney to represent the inventor before the U. S. Patent Office, — 
it also having information relating to the many technical requirements that will so educate anyone contemplating 
the procuring of a patent or becoming interested in a patented invention, that he can proceed more intelligenth', 
with greater safetj', and with much more positive assurance of having his business attended to faithfully and with 
greater dispatch and honesty, than would likely be the case where the inventor must depend entirely on the 
advice of others, anrong them a certain class of Patent Agents, Brokers and others, whose advice is framed and 
submitted, too often with misleading language, having for its purpose the landing of a fee and encircling 
the would-be inventor with a labyrinth of circumstances, which, Octapus-like, often draws his financial all and 
frequently leaves him either with a valueless return and often nothing but a sad experience, which so disappoints 
and disgusts him with the Patent System as to turn him from a channel, -which properly fostered , might have lead 
him into a line for which nature may have specially endowed him, and from a future financial success. 

A continuous experience in this city as a successful practitioner before the Patent Office Department, extend- 
ing over a period of 25 years, enjoying the acquaintance and friendship of nearly all of the best and well known 
Attorneys, Counsellors, and Solicitors in this city, as also a large number of the Officials and Examiners in the 
Patent Office Department, has kept me closely in touch with the many changes relating to the Patent Office 
Requirements and Rules of Practice, and also those made in the methods adopted by man^' Solicitors and 
Patent Firms, who within the last five years have entered the field of the Patent Profession. 



Numerous Patent Solicitors have published pamphlets of more or less m.erit, purportingf to give full information 

ve\a.i\ng io'Pa.t&n\.&, How to Sec7ire, and How to Sell the same after securing ; but, unfortunately many of such 
pamphlets, while giving a general information as to the points stated, contain matter, the purpose of 
which is to show how the would-be inventor will make the mistake of his life to employ, ^^ the other fellow'''' and 
how essential it is for him to employ the particular attorney or tirm who may be publishers of the pamphlet. 

Such is not the purpose oj this book. While I point with pride to an experience extending over a quarter of a 

century, and while I hope to be permitted to continue in the profession for years to come, it is with pleasure that 
I can say, " there are others" to whom you can intrust your business, and ^^ there are many ofthem,^' and if I can 
succeed in steering you in the hands of one of the " old school " who believe that HoNEST Advice FROM THE START 
AND Best Service Afterwards, is the leader for success, I shall feel amply rewarded. 

In the compilation of this book I have endeavored to describe and arrange the text as to make the subjects 
touched on appear clear to every reading person and I have purposelj' avoided, where possible, technical terms, only 
clear to the expert. 

The author offers this book to his co-inventors as a starting point only. He doubts not but that inaccuracies 
and ambiguous statements may be found, but a work of this kind must of necessity be marked by incompleteness 
in some of its parts. 

The appendix relating to Perpetual Motion is offered as interesting matter — also to make clear, if possible, to 
would-be solvers, the absolute fallacy of this problem. 

Fred G. Dieterich. 




U. S. Patent Office. 



PfVTENTS. 

The Constitution Provision. (The Congress shall have power * * * to promote the prog-ress and science of useful arts by secnrine 
for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rig-ht to their respective writing's and discoveries) 

WHflT IS PflTENTf\BLB. 

A patent may be obtained by any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful improvement, art, 
machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof not known or used by 
others in this country before his invention or discovery thereof, and not patented or described in any printed publi- 
cation in this or any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, or more than two years prior to his 
application ; and not in public use or on sale in the United States for more than two years prior to his application 
unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, upon payment of the fees required by law and other due proceed- 
ings had ; provided, however, should the inventor have received Letters Patent from a Foreign Government, for 
which the application was made more than twelve months prior to the filing of the application in this country, no 
patent will be granted in this country. 

WHflT IS REQUIRED TO OBTRIN f\ PfVTENT. 

Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or discovery he shall make applica- 
tion therefor in writing to the Commissioner of Patents, and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of 
the same and of the manner and process of making and constructing the compound and using it in such full, clear, 
concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which 
it is most nearly connected to make or construct and use the same, and in case of a machine he shall explain 
the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle so as to dis- 
tinguish it from other inventions, and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim every improvement or 
combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claims shall be signed by the 
inventor and attested by two witnesses, and when the nature of the case admits of drawings the applicant must 
furnish a copy of the drawings, signed by himself or his attorney and attested by two witnesses, which shall be 
filed in the U. S. Patent Office. 



COMPOSITION OF MATTER. 

When the invention or discovery is of a composition of matter, th^e applicant, if required by the Commissioner 
of Patents, must furnish specimens of the ingredients and the composition sufficient in quantity for the purpose of 
an experiment. 

MODELS. 

If required by the Commissioner of Patents the applicant must furnish a model of his invention. If such re- 
quirement is not made, a model is not necessarj'. 

OATH. 

The applicant for a patent must make oath that he believes himself to be the original and first inventor of the 
improvement of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, etc., for which he solicits the patent; that he does not 
know and does not believe that the same was ever known or used before hia invention or discovery thereof, or patented 
or described in any printed publication in an}- country, before his invention or discovery thereof, or more than two years 
prior to his application, or in public use or on sale in the United States for more than two years prior to his application. 
He must furthermore make oath that the invention has not been patented in anj' foreign country on an application filed 
by him or his legal representatives or assigns more than twelve months prior to his application in the United States, and 
if an}- foreign applications have been filed by him he must state the countries in which applications have been filed and 
the dates upon which the}' were filed. 

ASSIGNEES. 

Patents ma}' be granted and issued or reissued to the assignees of the inventor or discoverer, but an assignment 
must first be entered of record in the Patent Office, and in case of the applicant having an assignee, in the issue of the 
patent the application would be made and the specifications sworn to by the inventor or discoverer. 



RSSIGNM&NTS. 

Every invention, application or any interest therein, is assignable in law by an instrument in writing, and the 
patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may in like manner grant and convey an exclusive right under his 
patent of the whole or any specified part of the United States. 

An assignment, grant, or conveyance will be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a val- 
uable consideration without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent Office within three months from the date 
thereof. 

Every person who purchases of an inventor or discoverer or with his knowledge and consent constructs any 
newly invented or described machine or other patentable article prior to the application by the inventor or discov- 
erer for a patent, or who sells or uses one so constructed, shall have the right to use and vend to others to be used 
the specified thing so made or purchased without liability therefor. 

When any person having made a new invention or discovery for which a patent might have been granted, dies 
"before the patent is granted the right of applying for a patent devolves on his executors or administrators in trust 
for the heirs at law of the deceased, in case he shall have died intestate, or if he shall have left a will disposing of 
the same then in trust for his devisee and in as full manner and on the same terms and conditioned as the same 
may have been claimed or enjoyed by him in his lifetime, and when the application is made by such legal represen- 
tatives the oath or affirmation required to be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made up full. 

Any person who has an interest in an invention or discover3'-, whether as inventor, discoverer, or assignee, for 
-which a patent was ordered to issue upon the paj'raent of the final fee, but who fails to make the pa3'iTient of such 
fee within six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, shall have a right to make an application 
for a patent for such invention or discovery the saine as in the case of an original application, but such second or 
renewal application must be made within two years after the allowance of the original application. 

BXflMINflTlON. 

On the filing of an application for a patent and the payment of the fees required by law the Commissioner of 
Patents will cause an examination to be made of the^alleged new invention or discovery ; and, if on such exainina- 
tion, it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently 
useful and important, the Commissioner shall issue a patent therefor. 



All applications for patents must, however, be completed and prepared for examination within one year after 
the filing of the petition, and in the default thereof or upon failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within 
one j-ear after any action thereon, of which notice shall be duly mailed to him or his assignee, the application 
will be regarded as abandoned, unless it shall be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that such delay was 
unavoidable. 

MRRKING Pf\TENTED ARTICLES. 

All patentees, their assigns and legal representatives, and all persons making or vending any patented article 
must give sufficient notice to the public that the same is patented, either by fixing thereon the word "patented" 
together with the day or year the patent was granted, or, when from the character of the article this cannot be done, 
by fixing to it or to the package wherein one or more of them is encased, a label containing a like notice, and in any 
suit for infringement by the party failing to so mark, no damages can be recovered by the plaintiff except he prove 
that the defendant was duly notified of the infringement and continued after such notice to make, use, or vend the 
article so patented. 

Any person who, in any manner, marks or affixes on any such patented article the word "Patented" or any 
word of like import that the same is patented for the purpose of deceiving the public shall be liable for every such 
offence to a penalty of not less than $100 with costs. 

CflV&fVTS. 

Any citizen of the United States or alien who shall have resided in the United States one year next preceding 
the filing of his Caveat and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen, who makes any new invention or dis- 
covery and desires further time to mature the same may, on payment of the fees required by law, file in the Patent 
Offi:e a Caveat setting forth the object thereof and its distinguishing characteristics, and pray protection of his 
right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat will be filed in the confidential archives of the Patent 
Office and be preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for-the term of one j'ear from the time of filing thereof, 
and if application is made within the year by any other person for a patent with which such Caveat would, in any 



10 



manner, interfere the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification, drawing's, and model of such ap- 
plication in like manner in the confidential archives of the Office, and g^ive notice thereof to the person by whom 
the caveat was filed. If such person desires to avail himself of his caveat he must file his description, specifica- 
tions, drawings, and model within three months from, the time of placing the notice in the Post Ofiice in Wash- 
ington, with the usual time required for transmitting it to the Caveator thereto, which time shall be indorsed on 
the notice. 

REISSUES. 

Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason 
of the patentee claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, if the error 
was made by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commis- 
sioner of Patents will, on the surrender of such patent and the payment of the fees required by law, cause a new 
patent for the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to the patentee, or, 
in case of his death or of an assignment of the whole or any divided part of the original patent, then to his execu- 
tors, administrators, or assigns for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. 

DISCLAIMERS. 

Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intent, the 
-patentee has claimed more than that of which he was the original or first inventor or discoverer, his patent shall 
be valid for all that part which is truly and justly his own, provided the same is a material or substantial part of 
the thing patented; and any such patentee, his heirs or assigns, whether of the whole or any, sectional interest 
therein, may, on payment of the fee required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as he 
shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment. 

LRBBLS. 

Prints and labels used in connection with articles of manufacture may be registered in the Patent Office 
Department. 

A certificate of registration continues in force for twenty-eight years. No print or label can be registered if it 
has matter registrable under the trade-mark law. Registered prints and labels are assignable in writing. 



11 



TRADE-MARKS. , 

All}- person, firm, corporation or association maj- obtain registration for their trade-marks. In the United States 
trade-marks are registered for twenty years and maj' be renewed from time to time for like periods upon payment of the 
fees required by law. 

The owner of the trade-mark is entitled to its exclusive use, and an}- one counterfeiting or making a colorable imita- 
tion of the same makes himself liable for infringement of the trade-mark of the rightful owner. The owner of a 
trade-mark can proceed against infringers for damages and injunction to restrain further infringements. Whenever 
judgment is rendered for the plaintiff in an action for infringement of trade-mark rights, the court may assess damages 
for any sum above the amount of the verdict as actual damages, not to exceed three times the amount of such verdict, 
with costs. 

A trade-mark can not be registered in the United States Patent office unless it has been used in inter-state commerce, 
or in commerce with a foreign nation or Indian tribes. This provision of the law is usually complied with bv sending 
samples to a dealer in Canada or Jlexico or to an Indian agent or into another State. 

Whenever a trade-mark application has been found in proper form and allowable, the same is published in the 
Official Gazette and any person who lielieves he maj- become damaged by the registration of such trade-mark may enter 
opposition to the said registration within thirt}- days after publication. 

A trade-mark is assignable in writing, and such assignment should be recorded in the Patent Office Department. 
Trade-marks can be registered in foreign countries having treaties with the United States. 

DESIGNS. 

Any person who by his own industry, genius, efforts and expense has invented and produced any new and ornamen- 
tal design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief ; any new and ornamental design for the printing of 
woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics; any new and ornamental impression, ornament, pattern, print or picture to be 
printed, painted, cast or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful and 
ornamental shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, tlie same not having been known or used before his 
invention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, may, upon payment of the fees 
required by law and other due proceedings had, the same as in case of an inventor or discoverer, obtain a patent therefor. 
Patents for designs are granted for a term of three years and six months or for seven years or for fourteen j-ears, as the 
applicant may in his application elect. 

COPYRIGHTS. 

Any citizen or resident of the United States who is an author, designer, or proprietor of any book, map or chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engra\-ing, cut, print or photograph or negative thereof, or a painting, drawing, 
chromo, statuary, models or designs may secure a copyright of twenty-eight years' duration. 



12 



To secure a copyrig'ht the title or description of the book or other article must be filed with the Ivibrarian of 
Congress on or before the day of publication, and to perfect the copyrig-ht two copies of the work must be delivered 
to the Librarian not later than the day of publication. The usual cost for obtaining a copyright is $5, which 
includes the Government and attorney's fees. 



FBBS, AND PRICES OF PUBLICflTtONS OF THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE,. 

On filing each orig-inal application for a patent, except design cases (first Government fee) $15 

On issuing each original patent, except in desig-n cases (second Government fee) 30 

In design cases for three years and six months lO 

In design cases for seven years 15 

In design cases for fourteen years 30 

On filing each caveat 16 

Every application for a reissue of a patent 30 

On filing- each disclaimer lO 

On appeal for the first time from the Primary Examiner to the Examiner-in-chief lO 

On every appeal from the Examiner-in-chief to tie Commissioner _ 20 

For the Official Gazette to subscribers within the United States, Mexico, and Canada — one year 5 

For foreig-n subscribers, except in Canada and Mexico lO 

All Government fees are payable in advance. 

flTTORNEY'S FEES. 

Attorne3's' fees for preparing, filing, and prosecuting an application for a patent vary according to the char- 
acter of the case. Under the head of Attorneys the subject of attorneys fees is more fully touched on, and the 
information therein given will give the inventor an idea abovit what can be considered a reasonable charge for 
securing a patent. 



13 



TfiE f\PPUCf\T10N FOR f\ PRT&NT IN THE PRTBNT OFFICE. 

An application for a patent, as soon as entered in the Patent Office Department, passes into the application 
division -where it is examined as to whether the petition, the specification, and the oath have been properly signed 
and the necessary fee paid. 

The drawing's are then forwarded to the Chief Draftsman who approves or rejects the same (see special article 
on drawings). If approved the drawing is returned to the application room. The case then receives its proper 
Serial Number and is then forwarded to the Primary Examiner in charge of the particular division to which the 
invention maj- belong ; after which it is turned over to the assistant of that division, having the particular class 
of invention, who examines it in regular order. 

Some applications are made special over others, but this is only done for particular reasons clearlj' defined in 
the Patent Office Rules of Pratice. 

The examination of an application consists in a careful study of the specifications and drawings to ascertain, 
first, if the case is properly described and illustrated so others skilled in the art to which it iaa.y appertain can 
make and use the same ; second, if the claims properly describe operative subject-matter ; and, third, does the 
subject-matter disclose patentable novelty over what has alreadj- been done in the same line? 

In examining the case the Examiner rejects all or such part of the invention as he may consider not patentable. 
As a rule, the Patent Office Examiners are experienced and expert in their particular line, but frequently, partic- 
ularly SD in the first action on a case, they make their rejections too sweeping and general, and verj' frequently 
the whole or portions of the claims of the inventor are rejected without giving a sufficient cause. About 90 per 
cent, of all patent applications filed are partly or whollj- rejected on their first official action of the Examiner. 

The applicant or his attorney is promptly notified of any action made by the Patent Office Department. After 
the case has been officially acted on and the applicant duly notified he can then proceed to amend the same and 
contest the Examiner's decision. Should the Examiner adhere to his decision and finally reject all or a part of the 
claims further action on such part of the case as has been finally rejected can be taken only by an appeal to the 
Board of Examiners-in-Chief. 



14 



Should the Board of Examiners-in-Chief sustain the Primary Examiner in his conclusions, an appeal can be 
made to the Commissioner of Patents, and should he sustain the Board of Examiners-in-Chief, the next and last 
step is to appeal to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. 

The Government cost of appealing- from the Primary Examiner to the Board of Examiners-in-Chief is $10 ; the 
attorney's fee in appeals of this kind usually run from $25 to $100. The Government cost of appealing- from the 
Board of Examiners-in-chief to the Commissioner is $20, and the attorney's fee usually from $25 to $200. The cost 
of appealing to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, is docket fee $15 ; attorney's fee very high in 
accordance -with the character of the case being appealed. 

WHf\T IS PflTENTf\BLE. 

First. A new combination of mechanical parts or improvements, whereby a new machine is produced, though 
each of the parts be separately old and well known. 

Second. An improvement on any known machine, whereby such machine is rendered capable ©f working 
taore beneficially. 

Third. The manufacture of a new vendible substance, new or improved in itself, whether produced by a chem- 
ical or mechanical process. 

Fourth. When an old manufacture is improved by some new method of working, the means of producing the 
improvement, whether chemical or mechanical, are in most instances patentable. 

WHflT IS NOT Pf\TENTflBLE. 

A patent will not be granted for a principle or a function. The mere application of an old machine to a new 
purpose is not patentable. The substitution of one material for another, or mechanical equivalents, are not 
patentable, unless a better result is obtained. 

WHEN TO flPPLY FOR fV PATENT. 

Delay in m^aking application for Letters Patent is never advisable and may jeopardize the right of property 
in the same. The patent laws favor the diligent. If you have an invention that is worth patenting you can not 
have your papers filed too soon. 



15 



GONC&PTION OF INV&NTION. 

Merel)' conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine is not invention or discovery as ag'ainst another 
who is first to reduce the idea to a tangible form by means of models, sketches, or other visual agency. The idea 
must be reduced to a practical form, either by constructing a machine or model or by such disclosure of its exact 
character that a mechanic or one skilled in the art to which it relates can construct the machine or improvement. 

f\BANDON/V\E,rST. 

If an inventor allows his invention to be used freelj- and fully bj' the public, he will be deemed to have made a 
gift of it to them, and can not afterwards claim a patent for such invention. The question of abandonment does 
not depend upon the intention of the inventor. If he suffers his invention to go into public use without an imme- 
diate assertion of his rights he is not entitled to a patent. Tlie expresssion of an intention not to take out a patent^ 
or the mere declaration of an intention to dedicate an invention to the public, will not be regarded as an actual 
dedication ; nor is the mere disuse of an invention evidence of abandonment. Public use for not more than two years 
■will not debar the issuing of a valid patent. 

HOW TO OBTRIN n PRTENT. 

The best plan to pursue is to send a drawing, sketch, or photograph of your invention to a responsible and 
reliable patent attorney or solicitor, together with a full description as to its workings and advantages. Do not 
hold back anything relating to your invention from your attorney, otherwise you need not hope to obtain the 
best services. 

Expect to pay for the attorney's services, and do not accept as final the mere opinion of an3' attorney, no 
matter how much he may claim as to his abilitj'. Bear in mind the inspection of a case by an attorney is one 
thing and the preliminary exa»iinatioii report is quite another. An opinion is based merelj- on what the attorney 
in his experience may have seen or heard of respecting devices similar to the new invention submitted to him, 
while the other is a report resultant of a careful search of the Patent Office records. If the attorney has but little 
experience his opinion is worse than worthless. 



16 



To make a search of the Patent Office records honestly and in an expert manner requires time and frequently 
lots of it. A fee of $5 is little enoug-h for the most simple class of cases, while $25 or sometimes $50 would not be 
inadequate for services necessary to properly make the search in some of the classes of the Patent Office records. 

Ordinarily in making- a preliminary examination search is only made of the United States patents. 

In making a preliminary examination foreign patents are, as a rule, not examined, as there is no proper classi- 
fication of the same, and hence it is quite impossible to investigate them with any degree of satisfaction. 

When a search is required in foreign patents the attorney's charge is always more than $5. For any alleg^ed 
new invention should there be a foreign patent for substantially the same thing the said foreign patent will act as 
a bar to the grant of the patent in the United States. 

WHRT WILL f\ PfVTBNT COST. 

The cost of securing- patents varies materially, the same depending generally on the character of the case. 

The following is the usual charge made by responsible attorneys, such charges being for what is termed an 
ordinary case, which is one capable of being well illustrated on one or two sheets of official drawings : 

The first Government fee in all applications for a patent is $15 

The attornej''s fee, which includes the service for official drawings, specifications, and prosecuting- the case 

before the Primary Examiner, but does not include services in appeals to the Board of Examiners-in-chief 

or the Commissioner, usually varies from $30 to $50 

The second Government fee, which is alike in all applications, is $20 

INTERFERENCE. 

• When two or more persons claim practically the same invention, proceedings are instituted to show priority of 
invention, thereby placing the case in interference. 

The fact that one of the parties has already obtained a patent will not prevent an interference, for although 
the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent, he may grant another patent for the same invention to a person 
who proves to be the first inventor. 

Proceedings in interference should be conducted by competent attorneys familiar with patent law practice, 
as serious complicated questions arise, which, if not properly handled and argued, might work to the detriment 
of the inventor. 



17 



WHY PATENTS Pf\Y. 

At the close of the year 1897, upwards of 600,000 patents had been granted in the United States alone, this 
country leading- the world in producing inventions. 

Each successive year, an enormous increase of patents is recorded, new improvements are constantly added to 
the wealth of the country and with each new improvement a new field is opened creating a wider range for the 
inventor's genius. 

To be sure, thousands of patents have been granted whose merits have never been tested, and no doubt many 
patents have caused their owners' disaster, as it will be found to be the case in any business: but as a general 
thing, a large proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits upon a very trifling financial 
outlay. Compare the costs of all the patents issued up to date with the known worth of a prominent invention. 
Reckoning the average cost of a patent to be $60, the amount invested would be but $36,000,000; whereas, among 
the earliest of patents issued by this government, the Sewing Machine has yielded the owners and inventors more 
than $300,000,000. These are facts which cannot be disputed. 

The products of all the gold, silver and diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of 
American Inventors. 

It is believed that there are nearly 100 Patents in the United States that yield over $1,000,000 annually ; 300 
yield over One-Half Million ; 700 bring from $250,000 to 500,000; and 10,000 to 15,000 Patents which bring over 
$100,000 annuties ; and thousands upon thousands of patents which yield yearl)' more profit to their fortunate 
possessors than could be saved in a life-time by a wage-earner. 

There is no limit to the possible improvements in the sciences, arts and manufacturies, and it should be plain 
to the observer, that A PERSON OF INVENTIVE GENIUS cannot employ his time to better advantage than to 
improve upon the devices already patented and to seek to devise new methods to keep pace with the never ceasing 
progress of civilization. 



WHftT TO INVENT FOR PROFIT. 

Every capitalist, merchant, business house and manufacturer is always on the lookout for some new invention 
which would supercede in utility that which is already upon the market. By so doing they cannot only secure a 
novelty which will enable them to avoid competition and monopolize the trade in that class, but to make sales 
more easy, hence MAKING THEIR BUSINESS MORE PROFITABLE. 

If they can secure for their sole use and purposes any new electrical appliances, a railroad or engineering 
device, steam navigation improvement, agricultural implement, railroad supplies, household articles, novelties in 
hardware, puzzles, vehicles, toys, tools, designs, furniture, stable articles, or for use in surgery, medical appli= 
ances, office articles, inventions in the arts of amusements, they would only be too willing to pay inventors 
handsomely for patents for such inventions. 

Apply your mind to improvements in that particular line in which you are best posted, or on such articles or 
needs which appear the most frequently to your notice. Bear in mind, it is the improvers who make the most 
money, and that the faculty of original creation is one common to most men and women. No matter what you may 
see and how perfect a mechanical device, apparatus or m^achine may seem, always ask yourself : — 

CAN THIS DEVICE BE MADE TO YIELD BETTER RESULTS THAN IT DOES NOW ? 

CAN IT BE MADE TO DO ITS WORK QUICKER AND CHEAPER THAN IT DOES NOW ? 

CAN ITS CONSTRUCTION BE SIMPLIFIED OR CHEAPENED ? 

CAN POWER BE ECONOMIZED ? 

CAN SOMETHING ELSE SIMPLER OR CHEAPER BE DEVISED FOR THE SAME PURPOSE ? 

A real inventor never tires but sticks closely to his efforts, and, although failure may oft times depress and 
discourage him, yet, at a time when he at least expects it he will find his depressions and disappointments but a 
thin veil covering the rays of a sunburst of success that places him in the ranks of that vast army of "crank's" 
who turn the machinery of prosperity and humanity, for all mankind. 



19 



THE FIELD OF INVENTION. 

That the field of invention is one of vast expanse for the exercise of individual ing'enuitj', is evidenced by the Im- 
mense influence of patented inventions in the creation of new industries of enormous magnitude operating- under 
patents of such recent origin that among them some have not as 3'et expired in their term of grant. 

The most noted of these new industries are those relating to electrical inventions, the manufacture of which 
has begun since 1880. The Commissioner of Patents in his last annual report saj's, in relation to these new indus- 
tries : "At the end of the year 1880 there existed 76 establishments numbering 1,271 persons and producing- an out- 
put valued at $12,665,036. In 1890 the number of employes in this line has increased to 9,485 and the value of the 
out-put to 891,114,714." 

The increase of establishments and labor in this line of industry and the value of the out-put has been of such 
proportions and so rapid that to even attempt to give the exact figures is well nigh impossible ; the total amount 
stated to be invested alone in the telephone property in 1895 being S77,500,000, and j-et this new field is the result of 
invention so recent in its origin, that the writer remembers as but an incident of yesterdaj', his first experience with 
the telephone as a spectator at the exhibition given by Prof. Gray, at Steinway Hall, New York City, in April, 1877, 
when he heard the faint echo of a cornetist at Philadelphia, 90 miles distant, plaj'ing a national air. 

Considering that the greatest telephone monopoly, which it is stated is capitalized for $26,000,000, and whose 
principle patents expired but a short time ago, is now based on substantially a single patent granted within the last 
5 j'ears, it is clearly demonstrated that there is no field so full of promise and hope of reward as that of "invention." 

WHBBLS. 

So much has been said of "Wheels" that any further comment thereon seem surplusage. However, the 
bulk of the development of the bicycle has come since 1890 when the pneumatic tire traveled into public use and 
favor. In that year 27 establishments were engaged directly in the bicycle trade. In 1895 the number of establish- 
ments had so increased that the product was over 1,000,000 wheels. 



20 



THE FIELD OF INVENTION. 

In 1897 the U. S. exported bicycles and bicycle sundries amounting- in value to nearly $7,000,000. 

Do not labor under the belief that the stock of inventive facultj' has been exhausted. Nothing- is likely to be 
further from the truth. While electricity and bicycle arts appear as the dominant ones at this stag-e, who knows 
but that in a few short years a " Tesla," " Edison," " Berliner," or a " Dunlop," may open up a new field in the line 
of invention which in due time may chang-e what nowappears to us the '■ ideal " methods of generating heat, power 
and lig-ht, and releg-ate such " ideals" to the bone yard of antiquities, as the present modern electric means of pro- 
pulsion has driven, and as the motor cycles will soon drive the long and short eared horses from the busy thorough- 
fare back to their primitive duties on the farm. 

True inventors are not like the poet — born that way — but are the creatures of necessity who recognizing exist- 
ing circumstances, make and so shape such circumstances of life to utilize what nature in its mysterious way has 
already provided, to the more materially aid, comfort and provide for the necessary progress and perpetuity of the 
world. 

In conclusion it should be stated that, notwithstanding that upwards of 600,000 patents have been granted for 
all improvements of ideas and discoveries, it is not within the power or judgment of any mind to set a time when 
the creating of inventions shall reach its zenith. So long as genius remains in the mind of man, so long will im- 
provements on things old be made, and new discoveries and ideas constantly appear. 

Cultivate that line of thought which most naturall}' comes before you, and after having developed an idea, de- 
vice or machine, consult with an honest, reliable patent attorney or expert as to the possibility of your invention 
being new and patentable. It is not absolutely necessary (though desirable), nor is it possible to obtain a founda- 
tion or pioneer claim for an improvement on an old well-known device or machine, to make a patent, for such 
improvement thereon valuable. The inventor should see that he gets the best patent possible in view of the state 
of art in the particular line to which his invention belongs, as it apppears, not in public use but in the Patent Of- 
fice Department. 



21 




U. S CAPITOL. 



22 



PART TWO 



600. 



■ ■ 

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, 



Relating to Pneumatics, Dynamics, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Steam 

Engineering, All Kinds of Gearing, Presses, Horology, Miscel= 

laneous Machinery, Rotary Engines, Bicycle Gearing, 

Cash Register and Typewriter Movements. 



ALL PLATES AND TEXT COPYRIGHTED 
1899-1906. 



23 



600 MBC-HRNICRL MOV&M&NTS. 

Every Mechanic, Inventor and student of the mechanical arts should studj' to avoid clumsiness in the construc- 
tion of mechanical devices and so arrang-e any mechanism which he may wish to produce with the least number 
of parts possible. 

A comprehensive collection and description of Alechanical Movements at a cost within easj^ reach, is a want, 
long felt by inventors, mechanics and others, particularly so by inventors, who in the production of new ideas 
should always be careful to select, so far as possible, the simplest and best forms of mechanical movements. The 
lack of a proper knowledge of ordinary mechanical constructions very frequently has caused an inventor to spend 
considerable time and monej' to produce a combination of mechanisms, not only not novel, patentabl)', but so old 
as to be public propert)'. 

Than anyono may readily understand the mechanical elements most generally used in all of the different 
mechanical lines, the following movements'have been compiled. The selection of the movements embraced in this 
work has been made from many sources. Most of them have appeared from time to time in different scientific jour- 
nals and other publications devoted to the scientific and mechanical arts. Manj' of the movements, particularly 
those relating to bicycles, and typewriting machines, have never appeared in any former compilation. 

While this collection contains more mechanical movements than has appeared in any previous publication, 
none of them are for obsolete or inoperative mechanisms. Owing to the large number of inaccurate illustrations 
which have heretofore appeared in other publications, the compiler has given particular attention to the illustra- 
tions to assure an accurate presentation of each movement. 

Everyone contemplating a new invention should carefullj' study these movements, as he maj- find just such a 
device or mechanism as is best suited for his purpose. 

1. Alternately Operating Gearing. To disengage shaft /, shift belt to middle pulley d, loose on shaft 

cK To rotate shaft to left, shift belt on pulley a, which carries sleeve a' and gear a^. To reverse motion of shaft ; 
shift belt onto pullej' c, fast on shaft r' which carries gear c^ 2. — Oblique Gears— for transmitting rotary 



24 










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600 M&CHf\NICflL MOVBMBNTS. 

motion frotn one shaft to another arranged obliquely thereto 3. — Alternately Operating Gears — for transmit- 

tingf alternate motion of single horizontal shaft to maintain a continuous rotary motion of vertical shaft. Hori- 
zontal shaft g-ears have oppositely arranged ratchet teeth to be engaged by the alternately operating pawls se- 
cured to horizontal shaft 4. — Intermittant Motion Gear— uniform intermittant rotary motion in reverse di- 
rections is given to bevel gears a — b, by mutilated gear c: 5. — Differential Speed Gear — for obtaining two 

different speeds on same shaft from one driving wheel 6 — Accumalative Gearing — designed to double the 

speed of gears of same diameter and number of teeth. Six bevel gears are used, b is gear on shaft x — bi is gear on 
shaft y^ — ^2 gear on hollow hub loose on shaft/, on which is gear c. — d is a gear carried by frame a, which is fixed- 
ly secured to shaft/ to rotate therewith and carried gear d with it. Gear e is loose on shaft/and meshes with d. 
If the two gears b^ and c were removed and d prevented from turning on its axis, one revolution given 
to gear b would cause frame a to receive one revolution and as gear d meshes with e and is held from 
rotating one revolution of frame a would impart one turn to gear e \ but if gears c and b^ are in place 
and d held to turn on its axis, it, the gear d would also secure a revolution on its axis as it moves about with 
frame a and thus produce two revolutions of gear e and the horizontal shaft. 

7. — Entwistle's Patent Gearing. 8.— Brush Friction Gear— sometimes called "brush wheels" — relative 

speeds can be varied by moving the small wheel to or from centre of large wheel 9. — Capstan Base 

Gearing — can be used as a simple or compound mechanism, single or triple purchase. Drum head and 
barrel rotate together, former fixedly held on spindle turns it and when locked to barrel turns it also, pro- 
ducing single purchase, — but when unlocked, wheel work acts, and drum head and barrel rotate in opposite 

directions, velocities as 3 to 1 10. — White's Dynamometer Gearing — for determining the amount of power 

required to give rotary motion to any piece of mechanism II. — Multiple Gearing — the triangular wheel 

drives large one by the movement of its radially arranged friction rolls engaging the radial grooves in large 
wheel 12. — Pinion and Crown Eccentric Wheel Gear — crown wheel by reason of its relative radius changes im- 
parts variable circular motion to pinion. 

I3-— Eccentric and Spur Gears— producing an irregular circular motion to wheel a 14. — Elliptical Spur 

Gears — for imparting rotary motion of varying speed ; the variation of speed being determined by the relation 
between the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipses. 



26 



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30 




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27 



600 M&CHf\NlCf\L MOVBMBNTS. 

15. — Elliptical Drive Gear — for producing- a variable rotary motion by a uniform rotary motion l6. — Elliptical 

Spur Gear — for imparting irregular circular motion to drive wheel a 17. — Speed Gearing — for transmitting two 

speeds, middle pulley a is fixedly held on shaft having small pinion /;, the pulley c held on hollow shaft carrying 
large cog wheel which meshes with pinion £> on shaft /carrying cog wheel ^ meshing with pinion <?>. ?/ is loose pullev 

on shaft a' 18. — Ordinary Friction Wheels 19. -Qrooved=bearing Friction Wheels 20. — Friclional 

Gearing — the small wheel has expansible (rubber) contracting surface. By compressing rubber the edges are 

squeezed out radially 21. — Jumping Gearing — generally used for intermittent movements and revolution 

counters 22. — Another form of "Jumping" Gearing 23.— Tappet Wheel Gear 24. — Modified form of 

gear shown in Fig 22 25. — Another modification of Fig 22. Has weighted tumbler a used in place of spring 

and cam, and operates with the pm c on shaft of reverse gear b 26. — Simple form of "Register 

Wheel " Gear 27. — Another form of Tappet Wheel Gear 29. — Tappet Wheel Gear 30.— Ratchet 

Gear — the spring b is carried hy large disk, and when it engages strong spring c it is pressed into mesh with the 

ratchet wheel a and rotates it 31. — Ratchet Gear — for effecting an intermittent rotary motion to ratchet wheel 

a by rectilinear movement of r::tchet arm if 32. — Tappet Ratchet Gear — Tappet arm c is pivoted on fixed pivot. 

At each revolution of wheel d, it is struck by pin c, which causes tappet b to engage ratchet wheel a and turn it 

distance of one tooth; tappet and its arm return to vertical position by gravity 33. — Duplex Pawl and Ratchet 

Gear — vibration of lever c on its fulcrum causes pawls b — b to alternately and rapidly engage wheel a and effect a 
substantially continuous rotary motion. 

Z4. — A modification of device No. 33 35.— Duplex or Toggle Ratchet Gear — rectilinear motion of rod /!> 

produces nearly continuous rotary movement of ratchet wheel 36. — Lift or Jack Pawl and Ratchet — the rocker 

motion of lever £• causes the hook pawls to alternately engage the rack faces of bar a and lift same 37. — Spring 

and Rack Gear — mutilated gear a engages rack rod b, and lifts same against tension of spring c, which quickly 

forces rod down when gear and rack disengage 38. — Duplex Ratchet Gear — rigid connections between pawl 

arms c — c and foot levers and the connection between levers, causes the arms c — c to alternately move ratchet wheel. 



28 



57 

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58 




59 




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60 



61 




62 




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66 



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29 



600 MEGHfVNIGflL MOVEMENTS. 

39. — Pendulum Ratchet Qear — nearly continuous rotary motion is imparted to ratchet wheel d, by the two 
swing-ing- ratchet arcs c. Ratchet arcs have springing- upward motion sufficient to allow the teeth to pass over the 

teeth of wheel d 40. — Double Rack Gear — rack frame is suspended from rod a. Rotary cam d when 

midway of the rack faces acts on neither of them, but, when rod a is raised or lowered and either the 

upper or lower rack face is broug-ht in path of cam, the rack frame will be moved to left or right 

41. — Internal Spur Gear and Pinion 42. — Differential Speed Gears 43. — Another form Differential 

Speed Gears 44. — Irregular Acting Gear — Irregular shaped g:ear a imparts variable vibrating- action on 

crank b and pitman c 45. — Alternately Operating Gear 46. — Scroll Gears 47. — Spiral Gear with 

Sliding Pinion 48.— Irregular Rotary Speed Gearing 49.— Ordinary Cog Gears 50.— Force Cog 

Gears 51.— flangle Rack 52. — Sun and Planet Gear. — Planet gear a travels around sun gear b 53. — 

Compound Rotary Motion Gear — slow action 54. — Alternate Hotion Gear 55.— Slow Acting Worm Gear — 

imparts circular into continuous but much slower rectilinear motion 56. — Endless Screw and Worm Gear. 

57. — Shifting Gearing 58. — Claw Operating Gearing — each claw has a segment, the external one meshes with 

small pinion, the internal with larg-e pinion, shaft a carries both pinions : movement thereof causes claws to come 

together with great force 59. — Gear. — Circular motion transmits alternating rectilinear motion of slide bar a 

and bellcrank 6 60. — Egg Shape Movement Gear 61. — Movement used in silk machinery for varying- 

leng-thof the traversing guide bar which g-uides silk on bobbins 62.— Caterpillar Gear — for producing irregular 

vibrating- motion 63. — Cam Qear — for same purpose as 62 64. — Cam Gear — for imparting rectilinear 

motion of variable speed 65. — Rolling Contact Gears 66. — Stop Mechanism 67. — Intermittent 

circular motion is imparted to toothed wheel by vibrating arm b 68. — Sounding Weight Tripper Move- 
ment 69. — Means for imparting- alternately reciprocal motion to rollers in slotted arm 70. — Combination 

Weight Lever Movement— pitman f causes arm a to rise and fall, thereby imparting- a double movement to 

weig-ht 71. — Gimbal Ring Joint 72-73. — Movement for obtaining a series of change of velocity and 

direction 74. — Variable Motion from Cone surfaces. 



30 



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89 




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106 



107 



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75- — Toggle Motion — imparts rectilinear motion from rectilinear motion 76. — Cam Disk — imparts vibratory 

from rotary' motion 77. — Means for imparting- alternate rectilinear motions from rotary motion 78. — 

Means for obtaining- two reciprocal movements by one revolution of disk 79. — Continuous rotary motion of 

wheel a from oscillating- lever b 80. — Means for describing- spiral line on cylinder. Stylus a rises as cj-linder 

b rotates 81.— Door Closing Device 82. — Intermittently operating- gearing for transmitting- continuous 

rotary motion from alternately operating swinging racks 83. — Means for converting- oscillating into rotarj' 

motion 84. — Device for converting- oscillating- motion into intermittent circular motion in either direction 

85. — Air or Water Wheel— to convert air or stream force into rotary motion 85 '2. —Verge Escapement 

86.— Escapement— a' is escapement wheel and (!i and r the pallets having axis a 87.-88.— Recoil and Repose 

Escapements. .. .89. — Pendulum Escapement. .. .90.— One form of Watch Chronometer or free escapement. .. . 

91. — Duplex Escapement for Watches. . . .92.-93.— Two viewsof a cylinder escapement 94.— Lever Escapement 

95.— Lateral Wheel Escapement. . . .96.— Old Fashioned Clock Escapement. . . .97.— Clack or Watch Escapement. . . . 
98.^Balance=whe2l Escapement. .. .99. — Dead Beat Pendulum Escapement. .. .loo. — Pin Wheel Escapement.... 

101. — Single Pin Pendulum Escapement 102.— Three Legged Pendulum Escapement 103.— Modified ar- 

rang^ement of 102 104.— Detachable Pendulum Escapement 105.-106. — Gravity Escapement 107. — 

Common Chronometer Escapement 108. — Lever Chronometer Escapement 109. Duplex Three=legged 

Gravity Escapement no. — Another form of Gravity Escapement iii.— Rocker or Cradle Movement 

112. — Automatically operating Reversing Gear 113.— Sewing flachine Shuttle Driving Gear 114. — 

Spiral Feed Gear 115. — Reversible Rectilinear Motion — for producing intermittent rotary motion. Motion is 

reversed by throwing- over check pawl a 116. — Planing- Machine Feed Motion 117. — Means for impart- 
ing reciprocal motion to sawing machine bed, or printing- machine platen 118. — Simple feed motion for Plan- 
ing- Machine 1 19. — Wheeler & Wilson's sewing- machine feed motion 120. — Gearing for operating b in 

direct vertical line. . . .121. — Piston rod gear for side lever Marine Engines. . . .122. — Special Parallel Link Motion 

123-124. — Other forms of parallel motion 125. — Parallel motion for direct acting engines 126. — 

Valve Motion and Reversing Gear— common in Marine Engines 127.— Another form of Parallel Motion 

128. — Ordinarj' locomotive eng-ine link motion valve gear 129. — Cartwright's Parallel Motion, invented in 

1787 130.— Simple Parallel Motion for Single=acting Beam Engine 131.— Parallel Motion for Stationary 

Beam Engine 132.— Another form of parallel motion for Marine Eng-ines 133.— Grasshopper Beam En- 



32 



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152 





123 



124 



125 



127 







135 






33 



600 MECHf\NlCf\L MOVBMENTS. 

gine 134.— Upright Engine, Parallel flotion 135.— Pump Jack Motion 136.— Reciprocating Rectilin- 
ear Motion 137-138-141.— Heart Cams 139.— Variable Cam flovement 140.— Wave Motion Cam 

142.— Lift Cam Motion 143.— Plate Cutting Shears 144.— Trinial Face Cam 145.— Duplex 

Alternately Operating Cams 146.— Bevel Disk Cam 147.— Continuous rotar}' motion of cam gives a re 

ciprocating rectilinear motion to the bar a 148-155-156. — Other forms of Heart Cam 149. — Friction 

Clutch — Common form 150. — Clutch Gear 151.— Another form of Sliding Clutch 152. — Triple Gear 

ano Sliding Clutch 153.— Simple Pulley Clutch fleans 154.— Ball Clutch— When axle turns in direction 

of arrow ball locks wheel with axle ; when axle turns opposite wa3', ball runs free in space .t" '55' — Crown 

Cam — for vertical shaft '57-158. — Jumping Cams 160. — Covered Heart Cam 161.— Covered Crown 

Cam 162. — Wiper Cam 163. — Archimedes' Screw — for raising water 164. — Different screw pitches 

on shaft causes bearing a to move to and fro as shaft is rotated 165. — Reverse Thread Cylinder — When rotated 

imparts reverse movement of finger x from end to end 166. — Right or left screw shaft separates or draws to- 
gether travelers z 167. — Common Screw, Bolt and Nut 168. — Simple Rotary Screw notion 169. — 

Screw Cutting and Slide Lathe Screw Gear 170. — Stamp Press Screw 171. — Another form of screw feed 

motion 172. — Persian Drill flotion — Shank has quick thread, holding nut a stead3' and moving head b up or 

down causes quick rotation of drill in opposite direction 173. — Turning Lathe, flovable Head 174. — Su- 
perior form of Worm Gear 175. — Worm Gearing 176.— Modified form of said Gearing 177. — 

Vertical Rack and Worm Gear 178. — Micrometer Screw 179.— Crank Shaft Eccentric 180. — 

Modification of same 181.— Intermittently Operating Triangular Eccentric 182.— Modification of 181. 

183. — Slide Valve Operating Eccentric 184.— Screw Moving or Ground Anchor 185. — Split Cone 

and Set=screw Adjustment 186.— Adjustable Step Bearing for vertical Shaft 187.— Lever Adjusting 

Slotted Link 188.— Disk and Ring— For self-centring chucks 189.— Wedge Bearing— For slide bars, 

guides, &c 190.— Cross=head Adjustment 191.— Universal Sprocket Joint 192.— Pipe Joint 

193. — Ball Caster Boint 194-195.— Hook's Universal Joint 196.— Drop Band Brake 197.— Block and 

Lever Brake Compound Block and Lever Brake 199.— Toggle Brake 200.— Disk Brake 201.— 

Compound Disk Brake 202.— Fan Brake 203.— Spring Brake 204.— Cable Gripor Brake 205.— 

Rope Brake, Cam Lever 206.— Eccentric Action Lever Brake 207. — Strap and Screw Brake 208- 



34 



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600 MECfif\NICfVL MOV&MENTS. 

209-210.— Common Forms of Car Brake 211. — Strap and Lever Brake 212. — Centrifugal Clutch Brake 

213. — Shaft Grip 214. — Three Segment Brake 215.— Organ Bellows 216.— Wiper and Lever 

Motion 217. — Crank and Lever for continuous or intermittent motion 218. — Stamp Mill 219.— Snake 

or Scroll Cam 220. — Piston Lever Motion 221-222 Reciprocating Lever Motions 223.— Four 

Bolt Camplate — Used for screwing dies, locks for fireproof safes, &c 224-226. — Sector Wheels, and Bent 

Lever, used on Cornish En.sjine valve-g-ear 225. — Belt Shifting .Device with dead travel at halfstroke 

227. — T=Lever Valve notion for rock driirs, &c 228.— Slot Cam and Lever Motion 229. — "Swash Plate" 

or Disk Cam 230. — Barrel flotion, for musical instruments, looms, &c 231. — Duplex Screw Gear, for con- 
verting circular into reciprocating- motion 232. — Crank Pin Eccentric 233.— Spoke Wheel Crank Pin. 

234. — Eccentric notion, for multiplying travel of eccentric by leverage 235.— Split Shear Eccentric 

236. — Variable Throw or Shifting Eccentric 237. — Another form of Shifting Eccentric— Shear is loose on an 

eccentric boss cast with worm wheel which operates it mounted on shear ... 238. — Sprocket Chain and Wheel 

239. — Special Form of Pitched Chains 241. — Square Link Chain 242.— Gib and Cotter for Chains 

243-244. ^-Thrust Chain, with friction rollers, used in hydraulic engine run 245.— Tipple Cart, side tip. 

246. — Tip Cart 247.— Tip Wagon 248. — Stamp Mill 249. — Ore Crusher 250. — Grinding 

Mill— Centrifugal roller 252.— Cone Roller Mill 253.— Conical Pin and Roller 254. — Ordinary 

Grinder Mill 255. — Toothed Sector Mill 256.— Conical Edge Runner and Pan 257.— Ordinary Flour 

Mill 258. — Tumbler Barrel, for burnishing castings, &c., by mutual attrition 259.— Inclined Pan and 

Ball Mill 260.— Oscillating Crusher mil 261. — Revolving Drum and Roller Mill 262. — Cone Disk 

Mill 263.— Another form of Ore Crusher 264. — Revolving Stamp and Pan nill 265.— Vertical Cone 

Mill 266.— Common Slide Clutch 267.— V=Groove Friction Clutch 268.— Radical Arm Friction 

Clutch 209.— Pin and Hole Clutch 270. — Cam Clutch— Drives one way— runs loose on the other 

271. — Pantograph for enlargin,g pictures. A is pivot. B is tracing point, C reproducing pencil 272. — Bayonet 

Joint 273.— Band Brake 274.— Union Coupling 275.— Tightening Link for Chains 276=277. — 

Clamp Drills 278.— Wiper or Lift Cam 279. Sprocket Wheel 280. — Flanged Flat Belt Pulley 

281.— Plain Pulley 282.— Concave Pulley, Forround band 283.— V-Orooved Pulley 284. Serrated 

Face V=Grooved Pulley 285.— Parallel Ruler 286.— Stamp Mill Rack Gear 287.— Anti=Friction 



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165 




166 




167 



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170 



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37 



600 MECHf\NICf\L MOVEMENTS. 

Bearing 288. — Compensating Shutter Balance 290. — Increasing Section Balance 291=296. — Worth= 

ington's Compensating Air Cylinders 292.— Dawson's Compensating Governor 203.— Balanced Sashes 

294.— Bloom Balancing flechanism 295.— Balanced Hinge Doors 297. — Ordinary Piston Rod and 

Crank notion 298. — Epycycloidal Parallel Crank Motion 299. — Segment Pinion and Double Rack 

300. — Warwick's Patent Circular Motion converted into reciprocating' by diag-onal grooved sheave 301. — 

Trammel Gear, one revolution of wheel to two double strokes of piston 302.— Reciprocating Wheel and Crank 

Motion 303.— Mangel Rack and Pinion 304.— Crank Pin and Slotted Lever 305.— Ordinary Pipe 

Cutter 306.— Ordinary Rotary Cutter Disks 307. — Cutter Head, for wood working machinery 308. 

— Sycle Bar or Cutter 309. — Vibratory Motion of double lever — imparts continuous rotary motion to ratchet 

wheel 310=311.— Intermittent Ratchet Motions 312.— Intermittent Rectilinear notion 313.— Angle 

Coupling— flexible 314.— Strap Head Connecting Rod 315.— Pitman Rod Coupling, side strap 316.— 

Wagon Tip Crane, for loading vessels 317.— Another form of Sun and Planet Gear 318.— Double Toothed 

Cam and Lever 319.— Flexible Shaft, for light driving 320.— Bevel Gear and Feather Shaft 321.— 

Parallel Motion, radiating- driving- device 322. — Jointed Radiating Arms 323.— Circular into rectilinear 

motion, or vice versa 324. — Rotary m^otion of toothed wheel produces rectilinear motion of double rack 

325. — Motion for doubling the length of piston rod 326.— Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion is imparted to rack 

bar by pinion which runs up and down in slot and engages upper and lower faces of bar 327. — Air Pump Motion, 

alternate rectilinear motion to rack bars 328.— Reciprocating Rectilinear Motion in two'different horizontal 

planes, is imparted to internally toothed rack bar 329. — Another Mangle Rack notion, rack frames re- 
ciprocated in different horizontal planes 330. — Another form of Mangle Rack, rack bar moves in same 

horizontal plane 33i- — Rectilinear movement of the rack, imparts rotary motion to pinion 332. — Vibra- 
tory motion of handle on pinion imparts reciprocating motion to the racks 333- — Disk Grater or Cutter 

334. — Spiral Tapered Revolving Cutter, for mincing machines 335. — Rectangular Cutters for mincing ma- 
chines 336.— Tool Holder, for lathes &c 337.— Cam-lever Rail Grip 338. — Pipe Tongs 339.— 

self adjusting Jaw Grip for round articles 340.— Adjustable Grip Tongs for lifting heavy articles 341. — 

Revolving Tool Post or head 342. — Double Screw Gripping Tongs 343. — nooring Screw 344. — 

Twist Drill Point 345- — Counter Sinking- Drill for wood boring 346. — Diamond Drill for rock boring 



38 



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600 M&GHf\NICf\L MOVEMENTS. 

347-348=349=350.— ^Vell Boring^ Tools 351. — Differential Pulley Block 352. — Equational Box used on 

traction eni,anes 353. — Differential Governor 354.— Varying differential reg-ulator 355-— Overhead 

oscillated Cylinder Engine 356=357. — Two forms of Ellipsograph Crank notion 358.— Huxley's Wheel, 

spring tire and jointed spokes 359' — Bent Spring spoke wheel 360-361. — Cross section of rubber tires 

362. — Ordinary form of gasometer 363. — An expanding basket 364. — An expanding socket 

365. — Expanding Grating 366. — Round Taper Pin 367=368. — Split Key or Pin 369. — Simple form 

of Ball Governor 370. — Friction Disk and Pinion to reverse motion or varj' speed 371- — Rope Guide 

372.— Conical Rotary Gear 373,— Triangular Eccentric for imparting intermittent stroke to piston 374. 

— Multiple Trammel Gear 375.— Double Rack and Pinion Gear 376. — Another form of Epicycle Gear 

377. --Noiseless gearing for two shafts running in opposite directions. Each shaft has two equal cranks at 

right angles which are coupled by links to rocking arms which are also coupled in pairs 378. — Snail Wheel 

379- — Double Screw Steering Gear 380. — Crank Gearing for two shafts running in the same direction 

381. — Angle Coupling 382. — Worm and Crown Gear 383. — Ball Wheel with gears to eng-ag-e one 

or two pinions 384.— Centrifugal or Ball Governor 385. — Gas Engine Governor 386.— Self Grip- 
ping Claw or Grab 387. — Grab Bucket 388. — Double S Links 389. — Rope Grip and Hook 390. 

— Snap Hook 391. -Snap Link 392. — Slip Hook 393. — Self Locking draw Bar Hook 394. — 

Fixed Bar Hook with Gravity Snap 395. — Corn Crane or- Swivel Hook 396. — Bolt Shackle 397.— 

Straight Jet Nozzle 398. — Fan Jet or Spreader 399=400. — Spray Jets 401. — Common form of ln= 

jector 402. — The ordinary double brassed pedestal or Plummer Block 403. — End Thrust Bearings 

404. — Horizontal pivot and set screw 405.— Spherical Step Bearing 406. — Self adjusting bearing for 

line shafts with ball and socket movement 407. — Ball and socket centre for car bodies 408=409. — Single 

and double bell crank levers 410=41 1. — Different forms of starting levers, spring catch 412. — Common 

Latch 413.— Spring Bolt 414. — Cam Locking Bolt 415. — Crank movement Locking Bolt 416. — 

Hasp and Staple 417.— Rope or rod stopper with cam grip 418. — Spindle Grip 419.— Clamp and 

screw 420.— Bayonet Joint 421.— Knuckle or Rule Joint 422. Lubricator 423.— Another 

form of lubricator 424. — Hydraulic Ram 425. — Ordinar_v crank motion 426 Crank motion 

with slotted .voke and wrist pin 427. — Crank device for producing' irregular vibrating motion 428. — 



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600 MEGHRNICfVL MOVBMENTS. 

Rectilinear motion of horizontal bar produced by means of vibrating- slot bar hung' from the top 429. — Means 

for imparting- rectilinear motion to the bottom rack by a vibrating toothed sector operated by a rotary driver 

430 — Reciprocating- curvilinear motion of beam gives a counter rotary motion to the crank and fly wheel 

431. — Continuous rotary motion of the disk produces reciprocating- rectilinear motion of the yoke bar by means of 

a -wrist or crank pin on the disk -^vorking- in a gfroove of the 3'oke 432. — Circular motion is transmitted into 

variable alternate rectilinear motion by the wrist or crank pin on the disk working- on the slot on the bell crank 

lever 433. — Ordinary Treadle fiction for imparting- a rotary motion to the disk 434. — Ordinary Crank 

pin and rod, the rod having- a limited oscillating- movement 435' — Means for imparting- a complete revolution 

to the eng-ine crank at each stroke of the piston 436. — Eng-ine uncoupling contrivance 437- — Means for 

imparting- motion to two crank shafts held in a parallel direction but out of line with each other 438. — Speed 

gearing- 439- — Drag- Link Motion 440. — Means of producing- reciprocating- motion from circular motion 

by crank and oscillating rod 44'- — Crank and Slot Cross Head with sliding journal box 442. — Another 

form of disk slotted link and wrist pin motion 443- — Patent crank motion to overcome dead centres 444- 

— Bell crank motion 445- — Means of transmitting- circular into alternate rectilinear motion 446. — Hollow 

revolving Cutter Head for round wood rods, broom handles, etc 447. — Crank Pin and Bell Crank 448. — 

The slotted crank at the left hand of the figure is on the main shaft of the engine and the pitman which connects 

it with the reciprocating moving power has a pin working- in the slot of the crank 449- — Shows a modification 

of the forn-i shown in 448 450. — Friction pulley 45'. — Ordinary Flange Coupling 452=453. — Sleeve 

Couplings, 

ROTARY EMGINES. 

454.— Disston's ; also used as a pressure blower 455- — Gould's rotary engine 456. — Root's rotar}- 

engine 457- — Root's blower and pump 458. — Bayley and Sewal's rotary pump 459- — Eccentric piston 

with a plurality of radial veins 4 60. — Inter-gear piston engines 461. — Grejnel's rotary pump 462. — 

Another form of inter-gear engine 463. — Still another form of inter-gear engine 464. — Another variety 

of inter-gear engine 465. — Crescent shape piston having accumulative action 466. — Concentri Piston : 

radial abutment and flap valve 467. — Sliding abutment and triple cam engine 468=469. — Other forms 

of Root engines 470. — Eccentric piston having hinged valves opening- bj' centrifugal force 47 •• — Eccen- 



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600 MBGfiflNIGftL MOVEMENTS. 

ric piston with one or more hinged veins 472. — Eccentric piston with sliding- valves extending clear 

through the piston 473' — Walker's engine 474' — Klein's motion 475« — Baker's pressure blower. 

476- — Modification of the form shown in 472 477- — Eccentric Ring revolves on its centre and allows the 

vanes to alternately project in the steam space as the wheel revolves 478. — Illustrates a modification 

of 472 479- — Shows a form of engine having a rocking vane oscillated by an eccentric carried round 

by a crank 480. — Eccentric piston with two sliding vanes or buttons 481. — Differential Rotary Engine 

with eliptical gear 482. — Eccentric four arm piston with four rolling stoppers or cut-offs 483. — Mellors 

patent pump, has rocking vane or partition with packing device which accommodates itself to the revolving oval 

piston 484.— Eccentric Piston, central sliding abuttment 485. — Concentric Piston, a pair of eccentric 

abuttments and piston having sliding valves or wings 486. — Another form of rotary engine having eccentric 

piston and sliding valves 487.— Shows a modification of 465 488.— Centrifugal Rotary Pump 

489. — India-rubber rotary engine in which the cylinder has an india-rubber lining indicated by ^ 490» — The 

old form of rotary force pump 491. — Carey's rotary pump 492. — U. S. Patent. 

BICYCLE MOVBMBNTS. 

493.— Bicycle Crank=Shaft Bearing 494.— Hoffmeisters' Back Pedal Brake 495.— Stephens' Bicycle 

Brace 496. — Lords' Bicycle Attachment 497- — Bicycle propelled Wheel 498. — Another form of 

" Back Pedal " brake 499- — The Morrow (Eclipse) brake 500. — Coupling for connecting two riders 

501.— Doolittle's "Back Pedal" brake 502.— Ball-Bearing adjusting means 503.— Logans' Bicycle brake. 

504. — Another form of brake 505. — Back Pedaling brake 506. — another form of Back Pedal brake 

507. — Jerome's Bicycle Support. 




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600 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, 

S08.— Dog Power Motor— patented 1870 509.— Velocipede Sleigh— patented 1870 SIC— Self=propelIing 

Sleigh— patented 1871 511.— Reciprocating Pitman Velocipede— patented 1869 512.— Velocipede Sled- 
patented 1872 513.— Hand=operated Velocipede — patented 1869 514. — Ice Velocipede — patented 1875 

514a. — Tricycle — operated by alternately pressing' rods ag'ainst ground — patented 1877 515. — Speed =geared 

Bicycle— patented 1869 516.— Crank=operated Velocipede— patented 1860 517 -Neilson's Velocipede- 
patented 1869 — operated by rider pressing up and down on the seat 518.- Crank flotion Velocipede -patented 

1869 519. — Velocipede— having Gyroscopic or Planet Gear — patented 1881 520.— Hallenbeck's Bicycle 

Driving flechanism 521. --Brook's Bicycle Support— patented 522.— Krunk's Toy Perambulator 

523. — Velocipede with swinging supporting arm— patented 1869 524.^Speed Gear for chainless bicj-cles 

525. — Exercising Tricycle 526. — The original pneumatic tire patent, now expired. Patent issued to R. W. 

Thompson May 8, 1847, No. 5,104. This patent claimed "the application of elastic bearings round the tire of 

carriage wheels" 527. — Bicycle support — patented 1894 527a. — Tricycle with sectional axle 528. — 

Chainless drive gear — shaft connecting axle with drive wheel being flexible 529 — Bickford's Bicycle Brake. — 

patented 1892 530.— Chainless Drive Gear- 1896 type 531.- Wind-propelled Bicycle 532.— Simple 

clutch mechanism for changing speed gearing for Bicycles 533. — Torsional Spring Power means for accu. 

raulation gearing 534.— Brown's "Back Pedal" Brake Mechanism 535 — Bicycle Support, 1897 type 

536. — Grove's Bicycle Chain Brake 537. — Mechanical movement for toy velocipedes, &c., spring wound 

538.— Toy velocipede 539. — Bicycle Brake, 1898 type 540.— De Redon's "Back Pedal" Brake 541.— 

Carriage Tricj'cle 542. — Another form of Bicj'cle Brake 543. — Animal Power rotary platform or 

wheel 544. — "Creeping Doll" — motor wheels inside doll body 545.— Bicycle Brake— 1892 type 546. — 

Toy clock-work velocipede 547. — Continuous Propelling Force Gearing for Bicycles 




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51 



600 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, 

Type Writer Movements. 

548. —Typewriting Machine, patented 1876 549.— Type Wheel Hachine, patented 1856 550. — Movable 

Tj-pe Plate and Hammer, patented 1868 551. — A common form of rachet device for rotating a tj'pewriter car- 
riage 552. — A Remington Typewriter 553. — A simple form of Escapement for Typewriters 554. — 

Printing flachine, patented 1843 555.— The Original Typewriter riachine, patented by W. A. Burt, July 23d, 

1829 556. — Ratchet Movement f or Tvpewriters 557. — Ribbon Operating Mechanism for T3-pewriters 

558. — Reverse Movement Attachment for Tj-pewriter Machines 559. — Spring-seated Tj^pe-carrying Key Ma- 
chine, patented 1872 560. — Typewriter Machine for printing music 561.— A simple Card Feed for Type- 
writer Machines 562. — A simple form of Lever Mechanism for Tj'pewriting Machine 563. — A simple 

form of Type Lever 564. — Another form of ratchet-operating Mechanism 565. — A common form of 

Escapement or Feed Dog Mechanism for Typewriters 566. — Another form of Key Lever Devices 567. — 

Ribbon Operated Lever Devices 568. — Another form of Ribbon Shifting Mechanism 569.— Shows a 

simple Type Operating Movement 570. — Illustrates another form of Typewriting Machine recently pat- 
ented 571. — Illustrates another form of Pawl Mechanism for rotating the Carriage 572. — Illustrates an- 
other form of Key Operating Lever Mechanism 573-574. — Illustrates different forms of Typewriting Machine 

Mechanism 575. — Illustrates another form of Escapement or Dog Device for Checking the Carriage Feed 

576.- Illustrates a different form of Escapement 577. — Illustrates a Typewriter Ruler 578.— Illustrates 

another form of Key Operated Lever Mechanism 579-580.— Indicate Carriage Shifting Means 581. — Indi- 
cates a Ribbon Carrier 




52 



600 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, 

Cash Register riovements. 

582. — Indicates a Means for Rotating an Indicator Disk by Spiral Cam 583.— Indicates a form of Cash Reg-ister 

for Plung-er Keys... 584.— Inlicates the g-eneral appearance of the form of Reg-ister shown in £83 585. 

Shows a simple Cash Register Key Movement 586-587. — Indicates Alarm Movement for Cash Registers 

588 589.— Illustrates simple forms of Cash Indicator Devices 590.— Illustrates another form of Operating Key 

Mechanism for Cash Registers 591.— Illustrates a form of Cash Register for Rotary Internal Mechanism and 

Shifting Detents 592-593.— Illustrates Different Cash Register Movements 594.— Illustrates a simple 

form of Indicator Slide Operated Lever and Gong Operated Devices 595. — Illustrates a Double Ratchet Mech- 
anism for Cash Registers 596. — Indicates another form of Ratchet Mechanism for Cash Registers 597. 

Indicates a Cash Register Movement operated by a Plunger Key 598.— Illustrates a similar Movement 

599.— Indicates a Cam Operated Cash Register Movement 600.— Indicates a simple form of Indicating Oper- 
ating Devices for Cash Register. 




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59 



WOMEN AS INVENTORS, 

That woman is rapidly coming to the, front as an inventor is evidenced by the large increase in the number 
of applications being filed by them. It is an erroneous impression that women invent improvements on articles 
especiall)' adapted and intended for their sex, for the reason that they are coustantlj- exercising their ingenuitj' in 
the direction of improving many of the devices and implements with which men only as a rule are supposed to 
deal. 

The records of the Patent Office bear witness to the fact that the inventive genius of the fair sex is con- 
stantly accomplishing remarkable, advantageous, and profitable results. 

Particularlj' in the lines of wearing apparel, household articles, aud furniture, the accessories to the boudior, 
novelties, etc., are women displaying active and practical ingenuity. 

In May, 180-5, the first patent to a women was granted, a device for weaving straw with silk and thread. 
Some years later Marj' Brush received a patent for a new style of corset. 

One of the earliest inventors was Laviua H. Foy, of Worcester, Mass., who in 1862 received a patent for a 
corset skirt supporter. 

Each weekly issue of the Official Patent Office Gazette now shows a number of new ideas invented and 
patented by women, and it is a fact, as a rule, inventions the product of the fair sex do not relate to or set out 
devices of the extreme chimerical or visionary kind too often the product of the inexperienced "first time" male 
inventor. 

There is wide field for the exercise of ingenious minds of women. Ever3' woman (and there are manj') hav- 
ing a knack for mechanical structure should study to develop some new idea or thought, as the opportunit3' for 
substantial financial returns resulting therefrom is not surpassed in any other direction. 



60 




MOUNT Vernon, home of George Washington. 



61 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

Inventors, as soon as thej- file an application for a patent in the United .States or immediately after securing the 
allowance of the United States patent, are called upon to decide the important question — that of procuring protection for 
their inventions in Canada or one or more foreign countries. 

The advisability of taking this course is strenuously urged by various solicitors, agents, and others, and often very 
liberal terms are held out as an inducement for so doing, and here is where the patentee often enters into proceedings 
and incurs needless expense for the want of a proper knowledge of the general requirements necessary in the procuring 
of foreign patents, which unfortunately are not always inade clear to the applicant by those who act as his agent in the 
securing of his foreign patents. 

While undoubtedly many unscrupulous solicitors, agents, etc., are to be found in the United States, yet the bulk of 
such class are located in the European capitals, and as soon as the official Patent Office Gazette, which contains the 
inventors' names, reaches them, they, with much persistence, send out all kinds of offers to induce the United States 
inventor to apply abroad. 

Before deciding as to making applications for patents in foreign countries the inventor should post himself 
understandingly upon the technical requirements of the patent laws of different countries. 

The laws relating to foreign patents differ .so essentially from our own as to render the brief accounts of them, 
.such as generally furnished by patent attorneys, agents, and others, and which usually attract the attention of inventors, 
and are accepted as their guide, to be productive of an erroneous impression in regard to the advantages gained in 
holding foreign patents. 

Any one having a new invention for which he has made application in the United States and which practical 
demonstration has determined it one of great value and need would be unvnse in not securing for such invention a 
monopoly in any foreign country in which the article, process, or composition would meet with a ready sale ; but as the 
value of a foreign patent depends entirely on its validit\' — /. e., the compliance with all the legal requirements necessary 
to obtain a patent that protects — it is sheer foil)' for any one to secure any foreign patent before acquainting himself as to 
what is necessary to obtain a valid patent. 



62 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

Foreign patents frequently prove of great value, and for inventions of established merit can be quickly and profitably 
disposed of. 

In the United States the cost of a patent stops after its issue — i. e., after the patent is granted the Government does 
not exact any payments in the nature of license or taxes during the term for which the patent is issued. Such is not the 
case with Foreign patents. In nearly all of the foreign countries which grant patents, taxes are payable annually. The 
following is a brief summarj- of the most important patent laws : 

Patents in the United States are now granted for seventeen years irrespective of anj- foreign patent. 

Any one obtaining a patent for his invention in any foreign country and failing to make an application for the same 
in the United States within twelve months of the date of his first foreign patent can not obtain a patent in the 
United States. 

TIME IN WHICH TO MAKE A FOREIGN APPLICATION. 

The time for making a foreign application for a valid patent in nearly all of the foreign countries is limited by what 
is known as ' ' the law of publication . ' ' 

In England a valid patent cannot be obtained if the invention has been published or made known within the realm 
previous to the application for the same invention. 

The same applies to Germany, which country, while having the most progressive patent system of all foreign 
countries, apparently is so biased or narrow in its actions to inventors, particularly those of the United States, that 
iinless the inventor has an invention of a broadly new character his chances of obtaining a patent in such country 
are slim. 

Applications for foreign patents can now be safely filed immediately after the filing of the United States application, 
and the grant of a foreign patent for which the application is filed subsequent to the filing of United States application 
before the issue of the United States patent will not effect the term of the United States patent. 



63 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

The United States Patent Office Gazette, which reaches Europe in about ten da3's after its issue here, sufficiently 
publishes United States patents as to invalidate any foreign patent applied for and secured after the issue of the United 
States patent, consequently ' ' agents, ' ' brokers, solicitors, and others who offer to secure a valid patent in all or most 
of the foreign countries after such publication are untrustworthy. Although the publication of a patent in the United 
States does not prevent obtaining a valid patent in Canada if application is filed one year from the date of the United 
States patent, the inventor contemplating securing a Canada patent should not delay the filing of his application unneces- 
sarily. 

As it is difficult for inventors to ascertain the reliability of a solicitor living in the city where foreign applications 
for patent is desired, it is better for them to employ a responsible attorney in this country, as all responsible attorneys 
here have reliable associates abroad in the different countries. 

In England patents are granted to the first applicant whether he is the true inventor or not. His title is held legal. 
Thus, any unscrupulous person who may have obtained a definite knowledge and understanding of another's invention 
in enabled to make application for a patent for the same invention abroad while the application is pending in the 
United States. 

Most foreign countries have a law known as compulsory manufacture, which makes the term of years a foreign patent 
can be held more or less dependent upon the cotiuncnceiiieiii or continuation of the manufacture of articles or machines 
covered bj' the patent within a specified time. 

England, like the United States, does not compel the patentee to work the imention. 

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION. 

A large number of the various countries of the world, including the United vStates and most of the European 
countries, have entered into a treaty with one another, liy which a patent can be filed in any of the countries that are 
parties to the convention within twelve months from the earliest date of filing of an application for a patent in any other 
country. 



64 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 



BELGIUM. 

Patent must be worked within one year of the commencement of manufacture in any other country. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Patents must be worked within one year and must not afterward cease two consecutive years. 

FFLANCE. 

Patents must be worked within two jears and must not afterward cease two consecutive years. 

In many other of the foreign countries similar and other restrictions are placed, of each of which the applicant should 
acquaint himself before applying for a patent. 

Patents are now being granted in nearly seventy countries. 

CANADA APPLICATIONS. 

Models are not required. 

Application must be made within one year from date of United States patent. 

Term of patent is eighteen years. 

An inventor may lodge a caveat in the Canada Patent Office, but this does not extend the time to apply for a patent 

i. e., one year from date of United States patent. 

Every Canada patent is conditional on the following : 

"Every patent granted in Canada shall be subject and be expressed to be subjected to the condition that such 
patent and all the rights and privileges thereby granted shall cease and terminate, and that the patent shall be null and 
void at the end of two years from the date thereof, unless the patentee or his legal representatives within that period 
commence and after such commencement carry on in Canada the construction or manufacture of the invention patented in 
such manner that any person desiring to use it may make it or cause it to be made for him at a reasonable price at some 
manufactory or establishment for making or constructing it in Canada." 

In lieu of manufacture, Canada now has a compulsory license law, under which it is very difficult, however, to bring 
the average patent as only those inventions can be given the advantage of such law as are not usually carried in stock 
or are made only to order. 

The above does not mean that the patentee must personally manufacture the invention, but that any other 



65 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

person desiring- to use it may obtain it in Canada at a reasonable price. 

The term for manufacturing can be extended from 3'ear to year bj- g-iving- good and substantial reasons. 

A Canada patent will also be void if the inventor imports or causes to be imported the invention for which 
patent is granted after the expiration of one 3'ear from the date of the patent. 

Time for importing an invention in Canada can also be extended for one year by proper application to the 
Commissioner of Patents at Ottawa. 

The tariff of Government fees in Canada are as follows : 

Full fee for eighteen years $60 

Partial fee for twelve j'ears 40 

Partial fee for six years 20 

On lodging a caveat 5 

For recording an assignment or any other document 2 

The usual charge of responsible attornej's for securing a Canada patent, which includes the Government fee 
for six years and the fees for preparing the official drawings and specifications and prosecuting the case, is $40 
for a simple invention. 

ENGLf\ND. 

An English patent affords protection in Great Britain. Ireland, and the Isle of Man. An English patent dates 
from the deposit of the application. 

In England two kinds of protection is afforded : First, provisional protection for twelve months, similar to a 
United States caveat ; but when the applicant decides to complete the patent for the first period of four years, final 
or complete specifications must be lodged within nine months (or bj- special permission ten months) of the date 
of the provisional application. 



66 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

English Patents date from the time of filing- or depositing of the application. 

Provisional Patents answer substantially the same purpose as a Caveat in the United States. The charges 
for securing a Provisional Patent, including the Government Fee, is usually from $20 to $25. 

Complete English I^etters Patent are granted for 14 years, and the cost for a complete application is de- 
pendent on the character of the case. The average charge made by responsible solicitors is from $60 to $100, 
which includes the Governm.ent fees for 4 years and the Attorneys' fees. Annual taxes are payable beginning 
with the fifth year, but the first payment must be made before the expiration of the fourth year. 

England does not require compulsory manufacture, nor is an English Patent made void by reason of non- 
m.anuf acture or importation. 

Any person using the word "patent" or "patent registered" when no patent or registration is granted, is 
subject to a penalty of ;!^5 i$25.) 

As a rule any invention of merit that is patented, or for which a patent is sought in the United States, would 
doubtless m.eet with a market or at least prove a paying investment by being patented in England and Canada, 
as England and Canada and the United States are practically allied in a commercial sense. 

All first-class and responsible solicitors in the United States have representatives or associates in England 
who are generally able and willing to furnish names of leading manufacturers or capitalists abroad who are de- 
sirous and likely to become interested in any new and meritorious invention. 

GERMANY. 

Patents are granted in Germany for new inventions which permit of an "industrial exploitation." 

The first to apply, whether he is the inventor or not, is entitled to claim the grant of the patent, but such 

patent will not be legal if the true inventor raises opposition. 

The German Patent Office now makes a careful and rigid examination of all applications and the rejections 

are many. 



67 



FOREIGN PATENTS, 

Appeals are often necessary, and the first costs for an application in Germany are often greatly increased on 
account of appeal fees, extra Attorney's fees, etc., etc. 

German Patents must be adequately worked within three years from the date of the Patent; if not, they can 
be revoked. 

Taxes are payable annually for German Patents beg'inning- with the second year. 

The cost for a German Patent for an ordinary invention generally varies from $60 to $100, which includes 
the Government and Attorneys' Fees. This, however, does not include additional charges made for amending 
cases for appeals, extra amending, extra translating, etc., etc. 

Germany also issues a special kind of Patent, which is in the nature of a provisional protection, and known 
as a "Gebrauchsmuster" Patent. This form of patent is somewhat in the nature of a Caveat and is of very 
little, if any, protection for an American inventor. 

Man}' Attorneys advertise to secure German Patents for very low fees, much lower than those quoted above. 
It will be safe to avoid placing a German Application with Attorneys who advertise to secure a German Patent 
at a very low rate until after the inventor has received positive assurance that he is to receive a Regular and not a 
'■'■ Gebrauchsmuster^' or provisional patent, when he orders the German application to be applied for. 

FRANCE 

France is very liberal in the grant of Patents. This country is one of the best in which to patent inexpen- 
sive devices, such as novelties, as these are readily adopted by the French manufacturers. 

French patents are granted for 15 years and the taxes are payable yearly. The patent must be worked in 
two years. 

The cost of French patents for ordinary inventions is from $60 to $90, which includes the Government and 
Attorneys' Fees. 



68 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 

BELGIUM, 

Patents in Belg-ium cost from $50 to $7S, including- Government and Attorneys' Fees. 

Devices for which French Patents are secured should also be covered by Belgium Patents, as the two 
countries are practically one, in a com.mercial sense. 

Belgium Patents must be worked within one year from their first commercial working- abroad. 
Taxes are payable annually beginning within the second year. 

Patents are granted in all of the other European countries as also in the Australian countries, South and 
Central American countries, Japan, etc. 

Before making application in any of these countries the inventor should first ascertain if this particular 
invention is adapted for universal uses in the art to which it belongs in all or any of the countries he contem- 
plates securing a Patent in. Having done so, he should not authorize the filing of an application until he has 
asked for and received full information as to the legal requirements in reference to the working of the invention, 
the taxes and fees on the patent and the duration of the patent, etc., etc. 

In some of the -Foreign Countries named the costs for securing the patent and the taxes thereon are so exces- 
sive, and the rules regarding the manufacture and working so exacting, as to render it almost impossible for any 
one not able to expend a large amount, to secure and maintain a patent. 



r„^ 



69 




CONGRESSIONAL LIBRARY. 



70 



How To Select An Attorney. 

The first and most perplexing question which confronts the inventor after having- matured a new machine, 
process or design is — How to proceed to secure a Patent. 

The patent laws permit any one who lodges an application for a patent to prosecute his own case, but the 
rule that " It is a poor lawyer who pleads his own case," is one best applicable to those who attempt to prosecute 
their own application for a Patent. » 

On this subject the Commissioner of Patents has said : " As the value of a Patent depends on the careful prepara- 
tion of the specification, drawings and claims, the assistance of competent counsel will be of advantage to the applicant, 
but the value of their service will be proportionate to their sliill and honesty, — too much care cannot be ta/ien in the 
selection of com,petent counsel." 

" Patent Soliciting," said the late Commissioner of Patents, (the Hon. Benj. Butterworth) and the conduct- 
ing of cases for inventors and owners of patents in courts, is an honorable employment, and one that requires 
legal training and integrity, and while it is well known that flaming advertisements and distribution of self 
laudatory circulars are exceptional among capable and honest lawyers, yet those methods cannot be said to be 
immoral or reprehensible, if properly utilized." 

The terms Patent Attorney, Patent Solicitor, Patent Agent, are synonymous as to defining the general 
character of the business of those who make the securing of Patents for inventors a special study. 

There is, however, a class, who under the title of Patent Broker. Patent Selling Agent, Patent Promoter, 
etc., etc., incidently make the securing of Patents a part of their business. 

It is the purpose of the writer to here give such information regarding those who follow the Patent Business 
under any one of the heads above mentioned, so that inventors, especially those entering the inventive field with 



71 



How To Select An Attorney. 

their first case, can the better inform themselves as to the selection of a competent Attorney or Solicitor, who will 
not only give honest service so far as securing- a Patent, but who will also advise the client as to what steps are 
necessarj' to bring his invention before manufacturers and others, and therebj- place the inventor in a position to 
know how to intelligentl3' proceed to introduce or dispose of his patent, with a view of making the same of profit 
to himself and others interested therein, — it also being the purpose of the writer to steer the inventor, if possible, 
from entrusting his invention, and often a possible fortune, in the hands of inexperienced and untrustworth5' 
persons, particularly that class of so called Brokers, Promoters and other sharks whose sole mark of responsibility 
as to integrity and competency, consists in their ability of publishing advertisements of striking and ingenius 
attraction, which too often leads the inventor into a condition of circumstances, which causes him to make un- 
necessary expenditure of time and mone3', and'very often, to secure Foreign Patent Rights which are worse 
than worthless. 

Those who follow the Patent profession may be thus classed : 1st, the Patent Lawj-er or Attorney ; 2nd, the 
Patent Solicitor ; 3d, the Patent Right Securer ; 4th, the Patent Broker, Selling Agent, Promoter, etc., etc. 

The Patent Lawyer or Attorney is one who particularly makes the legal conducting of cases for inventors or 
or patent owners, that is, — patent litigations before the courts, a specialtj-, and who is a regular admitted member 
of the legal bar. Although man3' of this class of law5'ers also act as Solicitors for securing patents for new 
inventions, j-et as a rule they do not make this a special part of their practice. 

Attornej's of this kind, when competent and expert, usuallj* charge very high fees for their service — difficult 
for the average inventor to meet. 

If the inventor believes his invention to be exceptionally valuable and desires to employ alawj'er of the kind 
mentioned, he should be careful to select one who besides his legal training is a mechanical expert : for it is a well 
established fact, in the art of securing patents that a practical mechanical knowledge is of more consequence to 
the Patent Attorney than a law college diploma. 

Patent Solicitors are those who make the securing of patents for new inventions in the United States and 
Foreign Countries a special business. 



72 



How To Select An Attorney. 

The rules of Patent Office Department make it necessary that anj' one desiring- to practice before said 
IDepartm.ent be properly registered. At the end of 1898, nearly three thousand names appeared on the register list. 

As nearly 30 per cent of all the patents issued are procured by about twenty-five old established Patent 
Soliciting Firms, it will be apparent that the vast majority of the registrants have no regular established business. 
Many of said registrants are regular employes of the larger firms and not a few of them are like " Micawber" — 
.g-ererally waiting for something to turn up. 

That among the larger firms there are some who endeavor to give the inventor honest advice, goes without 
saying, but it can be also truthfully said, that the kind of service sometimes called " machine work '-' is more apt to 
be the out-put of those whose business is of such large volume that it must of necessity be consumated by numerous 
assistants, of more or less ability, than the resultant from the service of firms or individuals who are capable 
■of giving cases entrusted to them their individual attention. 

If the inventor prefers to entrust his invention to some firm who do a large business, he will find it to his best 
interest to place the same in the hands of those long established and not in the hands of a certain class who 
through the art of delusive and seductive advertising have, within the last few years, become established in the 
Patent business. 

Of the latter class the inventor should particularly avoid those who ofi^er premiums, prizes and other forms 
of humbuggery, including delusive statements as to the value of the alleged inventions submitted to them. 

Regarding the many schemes and methods which have come into common use within the last few years, 
attention is called to the following statement forming part of the late Commissioner Butterworth's decision in the 
celebrated case of Ex parte Wedderburn, O. G. Oct. 5, 1897. 

* * * " It is well known that itis coinnion for individuals, firms and corporations without having substantial, ■)nuch 
less thorough, fitness for conducting the business they solicit, and without ordinary, much less exceptional, facilities 



73 



How To Secure An Attorney, 

for soliciting patents or selling them, and -jjithout knowledge of the value of invention, and without experience, to 
mislead and impose upon the uninformed and credtclous by a system of advertising and newspaper laudation, sup- 
plevicntcd by correspondence ivhich has no higher aim or purpose than to filch money from persons -who trust them and 
without reference to the quality of the service rendered. 

In many of these cases the parties to whom I refer, in order to succeed, seem to have things and employ methods 
and agencies that barely fall short of subjecting them to criminal prosecution, and in many cases they do violate the crim- 
inal statutes of the United States and of the several States, but unfortunately those who do the zvrong seem to be 
above the power of the lazv. and the poor victims of the wrong appear to be beneath its ra'r." 

^' The readers {referring to the advertiscDients of the Wedderburn concern) were also assured in one of the 
pamphlet advertisements, atid in other case by correspondence, that they ivould have advice as to the patentable nature 
of an invention or supposed invention ' free of cost.' 

This was another false and delusive statement."' 

(Attention is called to the information relating to — How to Obtain a Patent, page 10.) 

Although the firm referred to above, was disbarred, and its business, which shortly before its disbarment was 
one of the largest in the country, has. it is believed, gone jiractically out of existance, yet the ear marks of the 
methods thereof still stand prominent as the leaders utilized by some other firms of like class, and it behooves the 
would be inventor before entrusting his business to any one, to carefully scrutinize all inducements, etc., placed 
before him, by various solicitors and others, before he concludes as to who is to conduct his case before the Patent 
Office Department. „„„^„-^,.,_^ 

No sensible person will entrust the search of a title to a land or other property deal, involving a large sum of 
money, in the hands of a novice ; a second rate lawyer ; or a patent medicine manufacturer : it is the service of a 
first-class lawyer who makes a specialty of such work as he desires done, to whom he should entrust such business. 



74 



How To Select An Attorney. 

Considering- that very often a sing-le invention, sometimes of a iriosi simple nature, if properly handled, is 
worth more than a dozen farms or fine city residences, the more is the reason whj' the inventor should be positive 
in properly selecting- a competent patent attorney or solicitor to aid him. 

Although many carefully and honestly prepared patents are secured and are being- secured by some of the 
larg-est and long established patent solicitors firms, yet it is believed the inventor -will find it to his best interest to 
entrust his case to some one who has an active business but of such character that he can give it personal attention, 
and to those who make honest advice at the start and the best service afterward their leader for success, and who 
are not compelled to replete their stock of dissatisfied clients by new ones g-athered in by extensive and expensive 
advertising. 

The inventor should remember that even in the selection of such a firm or person of the kind last mentioned, 
^reat discretion should be employed. He should if possible select one who is an expert both as to the drawing- of 
Claims and in the preparation of the Official Drawings (See article on drawings page.) 

Furthermore, he Should learn if the Attorney is particularly conversant with the art to which his invention 
may belong. For example, should the new invention refer to the art of tin manufacturing, the Attorney should be 
especially versed in the same. If in the line of Electricity Steam Engineering, Hydraulics. Pneumatics, etc., etc., the 
Attorney should be fully conversant with the several arts stated. 

Patent Solicitors or Attorneys have special lines in which they are best informed, like the specialists who 
treat the different diseases of the body, although the Mechanical Expert and Attorney or Solicitor, when competent 
is generally informed on all the different lines of inventions which come before the Patent Office Department. 

The inventor in selecting an Attorney sometimes is g-uided by the scale of fees charged by the different 
Attorneys and Solicitors. He should remember that those who offer to do the work cheap, as a rule, are those who 
cannot secure business on any other terms, and frequently find it difficult to get it even at cheap rates. 

Professional service, when of an expert character in any line, usually commands good pay, and the inventor 
should therefore expect to pay reasonable charges for good service, always remembering- that cheap service at the 
.start is usually the most expensive at the finish. 



75 



How To Select An Attorney. 

A Patetit-Riglit Securer can be properlj- classed as one who knows practically nothing about the legal re- 
quirements necessary to secure patents ; who could not prepare a Patent Specification if he tried ; who has no ex- 
perience as a Draughtsman ; who cares not for his lack of these qualifications, so essential to properly secure a 
patent for a client, and who of necessity must turn over each and every item of business relating to the preparation 
and prosecution of patent applications, which is entrusted to his care, by the confiding and too credulous client, 
to others. 

He cares not whether the claims of the Patent which he secures properl5' protects the inventor. He is in the 
business exclusivelj- to make monej- fast, and as he usuallj- lasts but a few years, he therefore finds it convenient 
to employ the cheapest kind of service. 

It is well known that this class of concerns advertise the most vigorousl)- andalluringlj-. and through corres- 
pondence usuall)' impress the would-be-client that his invention is of a most valuable nature. 

Of late j'ears numerous concerns of this kind, the largest of which was closed bj- the Commissioner of Patents 
for extreme fraudulent practice, have sprung up and it is these concerns who advertise the most vigorously, 
promise the most generously, and give service mast sparingly. The inventor will find it to his loss to entrust his 
business to any of these concerns. The Patent Broker. Selling Agent. Promotor etc.. is referred to under the 
head of Patent Right Selling Agents. 

Too much care cannot be taken by the inventor in the selecting of competent counsel The best plan, when 
it is found difficult to obtain information about a firm whom j-ou contemplate favoring with j-our work, through 
regular business channels, is to request such a firui to furnish bona fide references of clients in your city, county 
or state, and after having received such names to write to such parties. As you will doubtless be called upon to 
paj' advance fees, you should also satisfy j'ourself as to the financial standing of the firm to whom j-ou desire to 
entrust j-our business. 

If you hope to succeed and realize profit from your invention you should start right, and the right kind of start 
is the placing of your business in the hands of some one competent, honest and reliable. 



76 



YOU WILL NEED AN ATTORNEY 

To prosecute your case before the department, and here rests one of the most important points essential to the 
tuccess and protection of your invention. 

Too much stress cannot be placed on the importance of the selection of the proper persons to handle the ap- 
plication and prosecution of your case. 

An invention, no matter how meritorius it might be, m.ay be rendered worthless to you in the hands of in- 
competent or unscrupulous attorneys. 



Do not hesitate in the em.ployment of your patent attorneys, for while you may be deliberating-, some one, 
with possibly the same ideas, may get his application in ahead of you. 

It is not absolutely necessary for you to wait until the entire completion of your invention before securing 
the intelligent services of able attorneys. Consult them and they will advise you. 



BE CAREFUL, 

See that the room in which you are to devote the time to develop your ideas is light and cheerful and devoid 
of any noises that might take your mind from your work. 

If it is possible for you to do so, allow yourself to be entirely isolated and free from interference from any 
source that might interrupt you in your studies. 

If a visitor should call, cover your drawings, for the cases are not infrequent that many a poor man has lost 
the chance of his lifetime by placing too much confidence in unscrupulous friends, who are only too eager to advance 
their condition in life through the brains of others. 

Trust not too' much in your friends, for they may betray you. Keep your thoughts absolutely to yourself 
until they are in condition to place before your patent attorneys. 

Be careful not to place yourself at the mercy of unscrupulous patent attorneys. 



77 



IDLE MOMENTS. 

In your idle moments, whether they be at home, in your workshop or in the fiold, think, study; perhaps- 
something' new unthought of may suggest itself to you that might ultimatel3- place j'ou and yours in independent 
positions for life. 

If you be working in the shop, on the farm, or at your home, do you not know that some of the verj' tools 
that you are using and working with can be improved upon to lessen your labors ? It is much easier to study 
some improvement on things we are familiar with, and coming in contact dailj-, than it is to suggest new ideas 
on something we are not familiar with. 

If you follow a mechanical line, let some new tool or improvement to lessen labor be the subject of 3-our 
consideration. 

If j-ou follow the farm for a lii-ing, study up some improvements among the agricultural implements you 
are daily handling. 

If you are independent, and have no particular following in life, think of something that will lessen the toils 
of housekeeping duties. 

If you are of scientific conception, let general iinprovements be the subject of your thoughts. 



MODELS, 

A model is not required by the Patent Office, but a clear rough model sometimes of a complicated invention 
showing the proper details, very often assists the attorney in arriving at a clear understanding in the shortest possi_ 
ble time. While it is not necessary to expedite matters, if the inventor has a model, he should send it to his attornej'. 



78 




Patent office Lobby. 



79 



HOW TO SELL A PATENT, 

The greatest error into which a large majority of inventors fall, particularly those who receive their first 
patent, is, that in having received the cherished official document with the "Great Red Seal," they form the 
conclusion that they are the possessors of something of great value. 

The value of a patent lies not in the document itself, but in the monopoly of privileges granted to the 
creator of the new invention. 

If the Patentee does not avail himself of the privileges accorded under the patent, the patent, per se, will 
be of little or no value. 

Having the patent, the Patentee may ask himself " How can I turn it to profit to myself and to others 
interested therein?" He need not long wait for advice. Before the beautiful seal on the face of the Patent 
losses its extreme brilliancy he is the recipient of letters, circulars, pamphlets, contracts, etc., of sufficient 
quantity to keep him guessing for some time, and it is at this point the patentee should take the time to consider 
carefully before forming definite conclusions as to what steps are necessary to proceed to turn his Patent to profit. 

Every inventor is, and rightlj' should be, enthusiastic over his invention, and many are extremely so 
While under the flush of their enthusiasm, the patentee is, as a rule, considered good game for a certain class of 
patent selling agents, patent promoters, introducers, schemers and sharks of all kinds, who speedily come forward 
from all parts of the United States, Canada and Europe, with all kinds of schemes whereby they try to convince 
the patentee that they alone can place (for a consideration) in his hands the long coveted reward for his humble 
efforts in bringing forth to the world his new ideas. 

At this point it is deemed proper to refer to a few remarks made by Assistant Commissioner of Patents 
Greely in his report in the celebrated Wedderburn case, O. G. 81, page 191 K : 

'■'The propriety of a7i attorriey or solicitor of patents, combining the business of soliciting with that of selling patents 
is in my opinion, questionable . Doubtless it may be done honestly, but the respondent' s methods are shown to be such as to 
sell the clients rather than their patents."' 



80 



PATENT RIGHT SELLING AGENTS, 

The idea of making- patent-right selling a special business had its origin in the City of Washington in 
the year 1875. The writer was personally acquainted with the originator of the Patent-Right Selling- business. 
He has given this subject more or less study during his twenty -five years continuous practice before the Patent 
Office Department, and from the many facts gathered by experience of his inventor friends, as well as 
personal, with many of the so-called Patent-Selling- concerns, he is also of the opinion that it is the 
Patentee and not the Patent that is usually sold by these concerns. 

The Official Patent Office Gazette is published weekly with the addresses of the inventors, and no sooner 
are the addresses printed than communications in various forms are mailed to the Patentees in the nature of 
Postal Cards, Letters, -Circulars, Pamphlets, and very often complete contracts for the Patentee to sign. 

The same kind of literature is sent to all of the Patentees, and the same offers and modes of procedure, 
how they propose to dispose of the Patent, are offered for the different classes of Patents. For example, the 
Patentee of an improved apparatus for Thawing Mining ground in the Klondyke regions, will receive the same 
literature, the same offers, and same modes for introducing and selling his Patent as the Patentee of an Ice 
Making Machine. 

It is not denied that a person may successfully sell a Patent-Right, particulary some one with experience 
in the particular art to which the Patent he may undertake to sell, may belong, but it is the height of absurdity 
and a misleading trend to even make the claim, that any one can take up the promiscuous sale of all kinds of 
Patents that may be submitted to them. 

Patent Rights cannot be sold like "sugar," although the Patentee is the "sugar" wherewith the Patent 
Right Seller fattens his pocket. 

There are doubtless Patent Soliciting firms who make the sale of Patents a part of their business, who 
endeavor to conduct their business honestly, but many of them conduct the business under different names, and 
generally through correspondence, the wording of which is not only misleading, but is supplemented by adver- 
tising matter of striking ingenuity, though vaguely expressed, the whole purpose of which usually is the securing 
of the ''advance fee necessary to cover incidental expenses" to start the sale of the Patent. 



81 



PATENT RIGHT SELLING AGENTS, 

One of the worst and meanest features of the advertisements, and the suggestions made bj- some of the 
Patent Selling concerns, is the advice and information offered by them in reference to taking out Foreign Patents. 
Again is quoted some of the remarks of the Commissioner of Patents on this subject: 

''This practice of advising clients to take out Foreign Patents has become a widespread and serious evil of the busi- 
ness of soliciting patents. It is 7iotorious that there are numerous concerns throughout the country which make it a 
practice to urge not only applicants for pate7it, but even those who have taken out patents here, to apply through them for 
patents in Foreign Countries, with the full knowledge that such patefits, though obtainable by reason of the fact above re- 
feri-ed to, that in most Foreign Coicntries there is no examination as to a novelty preliminary to the grant of a Patent, 
wotild be necessarily invalid by reason of the issue of the Patent here. Mafiy of these concer7is do not attempt to practice be- 
fore this office . * * * The attention of the Post Office Authorities shotdd, in iny opinio7i, be called to these concerns 
with a view to refusing them the use of the mails.'''' 

Among the many methods employed by Patent Selling Agencies, the following are the most prominent: 
As soon as the Patent is issued the Patentee receives a postal card, letter or circular, asking if his Patent 
is for Sale. The Patentee replying yes, and asking what will you give? receives in reply a finely worded letter 
and other literature, and probably an offer of a large sum for his invention. Sometimes the preliminary letters 
say — -"We note your Patent No. * * * * * * and our expert says it should bring from $25 to $50,000 or more, as 
may suit the 'expert.' " If the Inventor writes again and places a price, he will likely receive a reply, that they 
"are effecting the sale, but the purchaser desires to examine the Patent as to its validit3'." The inventor is 
advised that this will involve an expenditure of at say, $30 to $40, of which the Selling Agent will advance one- 
half provided the Patentee will remit the other half. The search, if the fee called for is sent, is apparently made, 
and the Patent is declared to be invalid by the Attorney who examines the same, who is usually a part of the 
Patent Right Selling concern. 

Another and very frequently worked scheme is to offer Land for State rights in a new invention. It is 
needless to say in such a deal the inventor is asked to pay a small sum to cover costs for examining title, convey- 
ance, etc. The land deal is either a mythical one or of such character, that so far as value of the land is con- 
cerned it would be just as good at the bottom of the sea. 



82 



PATENT RIGHT SELLING AGENTS. 

Contracts are frequently sent to the Inventor to sign and execute and return as quickly as possible as a 
purchaser is waiting. The Inventor sooner or later will be called on to pay $20 or more for incidentals. 

Pay no money in advance to any of these concerns if you want to be on the safe side and don't be mislead 
by bank or other mercantile reference they may give. If they are honest they will give you the names of some 
bona fide clients in your county or state for whom they have sold Patents and received actual cash considerations 
therefor. 

Another safe way to proceed is to have them submit all offers, etc., relating to a possible sale to the 
attorney who secured the patent for the Patentee. 

Patent Selling concerns spring up like mushrooms and not a few must of necessity change their location or 
name by reason of complaints lodged against them. 

Any agency that claims to sell patents on commission and obtains advance fees for alleged advertising, 
makes all of its profits out of the advance fees, for the reason that they do not sell the patents and hence can 
make no commissions. 

To nullify the efforts of many of the sharks, and others, who so shamefully deceive the inexperienced In- 
ventor, it has become the custom of many of the old-established Patent Attorney and Soliciting firms to give 
warning to their clients whenever they secure a Patent. 

The following is a sample letter, such as is sent out by some of the patent firms to their clients, as soon as 
they receive their Patent. 

A WORD OF WARNING AND ADVICE, 

So many of our ciienis have been swindled by Patent Sale Agents, that we have decided to send this circular, warn- 
ing inexperienced Patentees against their schemes. Old Patentees who have secured their second or twenty-second Patent, 
do not need warning. Many of them have bee7i taught in the '^school of experience^' and this circular is not for them. 
It is particularly for the Patentee who has had his name published for the first time in the Patent Office Gazette, and is re- 
ceiving tetnpting propositions from Patent Sale Agencies, who look upon afresh Inventor as their prey. 



83 



HOW TO PROCEED TO SELL A PATENT. 

None of these people can sell your Patent or do you the least good. You will throw away any nt07iey you may 
send them. Do not, as you abhor being duped, waste even so much as a postage stamp ivith them. 

The Sale Agencies never sell Patents, they never try to sell them. They offer to sell your Patent for so much cash 
and a commission. Now, if you will not heed our -warning and consign their circular to the waste basket, ivrite them and 
offer instead of the cash in advance, 80 per cent, commission and see how quick they will leave you. By this you will see 
the "Agency'' has no thought of selling your Patent. It would rather have $10 or $20 than a commission of go or gg per cent, 
contingent on a sale. In other words, they do not value their prospective on your Patent at anything; they want only the 
$10 or $20 which they hope you may be foolish enough to pay them. We invite correspondence zuith all Patentees who have 
had experience with these "Sale Agencies" and Patent swindlers of all classes. We have called the attention of the Gov- 
ennent detectives to a number of them, and we want all the evidence we can obtain. By sending us evidence of their effort 
or accomplishment to swindle , you will be doing a public service.''' 

Now, after having- explained to you — How Not To Proceed To Sell Your Patent Or Place The Same On 
Royalty--you might ask — How shall I proceed to dispose of the same at a profit to myself or to others interested 
therein? — This is best answered as follows: 

It is impossible to define any method or sj'stem by which to proceed with all kinds of Patents alike. It 
depends largely on the character of the Patent and to the particular art to which it may belong. There are 
Patents which the owners thereof can dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as well as from 
New York, Chicago or Washington, and there are others which only those directly connected with the largest 
and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. 

The chances of successfully selling or placing a Patent so it will bring returns, depends largely on the 
character of the device, machine or process patented. Although a large majority of the Patents granted cannot 
be brought into practical use by any one, yet they may be of considerable value as a means for strengthening the , 
protection for other patented articles, machines, etc., which are in practical use. 

The Inventor will find it to his interest to begin his efforts to sell or introduce his Invention as soon as he 
finds, after filing his application, that his Invention is patentable and not wait for a final adjudication of the 



R4 



WHEN TO BEGIN TO SELL A PATENT, 

same, for the reason that he should know as soon as possible whether his Invention is to meet with favor or dis- 
favor and whether it is likely to supercede other things like it already on the market. 

The first step, after having filed your application or secured your Patent, is to place yourself in com - 
munication with those in, and acquaint yourself with the necessities of that particular art, to which the Invention 
belongs. For example, if the Invention be an improvement in agricultural machinery, the Patentee should place 
himself in correspondence with, or better still if possible, personally visit Manufacturers in that particular line 
to which the Invention belongs. 

At this point it is deemed proper to impress on the Patentee, that with few exceptions, if you cannot 
interest manufacturers or dealers who make and handle just such articles as the Patent calls for, it will be useless 
to attempt to interest others not engaged in such line. If j'ou cannot personally call on the Manufacturers 
write them and lay yo.ur Invention before them. Be patient, do not expect to realize large returns at once, but 
listen to the suggestion of the Manufacturer. If the Invention is a meritorious one, there will be more than one 
of the Manufacturers to whom the Patentee may write who will become interested, and when such a state exists, 
the Inventor can begin to be a little more exacting as to his demands as competition has been created between the 
Manufacturers. If the Invention admits of it, build a neat model, if not, be sure and send neat drawings and 
descriptions, and right here is where the value of first-class Patent Office Drawings becomes apparent. Do not 
make repelling demands. 

It will be found best to submit these propositions: First. If interested in the Patent, will the Manu- 
facturer make offer for entire or part interest in the Patent — or will he manufacture same on royalty, and if not 
willing to do either, at what price will he furnish the article or machine in quantities. 

Thus, the Patentee will, through such correspondence, soon be made acquainted with facts that will 
determine whether his Invention will meet with favor or not. Of course, there are certain classes of Patents 
where this method of procedure would not be altogether desirable. For example, if the Inventor be situated 
in a progressive community where manufacturing forms a prominent part, and where capital can be easily in- 
terested and he has time to introduce or exploit his Invention, he may find it desirable to interest a small 
syndicate, say one or two friends who will ourchase an interest at a price sufficient for the Inventor tu 



85 



HOW TO PROCEED WITH SIMPLE INVENTIONS, 

build his Invention and place it in actual use, with a view of organizing- a Stock Company to build and introduce 
the same. 

It has been said that Manufacturers as a rule turn down new Inventions for the reason that they tend to 
disturb their established business and line of machinery. This is not so, as it is not likely they would turn down 
something that some competitor might obtain and therewith revolutionize their business. No, they are more 
likely to obtain control of a Patent even if "to lock it up" to prevent others from having it. Manufacturers 
are live people, and they cannot stand in the way of progress, though some may try to impede it. 

There are some classes of Patents which the Patentee can handle personally, such as novelties, simple 
contrivances such as household articles, smoker's devices, etc., at least sufficiently long until a demand has been 
created therefor; after this the sale of the Patent outright at a good price will be an easy matter. For examples: 
The dime saving banks; the hook and eye devices; pencil tip devices; cigarette formers; bicj'cle attachments; 
tool handles; coin cases; corset fastening devices; coin operated advertising novelties; simple electric devices; 
vehicle improvements; fences and fence post devices; improved tools, improvements in Fountain pens; Station 
Indicators; toys of all kinds; tj'pewriting and cash register attachments, have been placed experimently on the 
market until their value was made apparent before Manufacturers bought them up. 

The Inventor should not labor under the delusion that because he has received a Patent granting him a 
monox^oly that he has the only good thing on earth. No matter how meritorious the Invention, unless 3'ou exer- 
cise reasonably good judgment and are expeditious in putting it on the market, you cannot hope for much 
success, because other minds are not asleep and better devices may soon appear. Be reasonable in 3'our demands 
and do not lose hope. If you are inventively inclined and the first Patent fails, don't stop, improve — improve — 
go onward. After having made your second or tenth Invention you will often wonder how j'ou proceeded so 
crudely with the first. 

First-class mechanics gladly work eight hours a day for one year for $500 to $1,000. If j-ou are naturally 
adapted to create new things readily, don't expect to earn a year's pay in an hour, at the start, but try and pro- 
duce something of merit, and after having once done so, you will have little difficulty in interesting capital for 
any of your subsequent Inventions — as nothing succeeds better than success. 



86 



Patent Drawings. 

The value and the validity of a patent often depends on the clearness and sufficiency of its drawing^s. There 
are thousands of existing patents in which the improvements are but partially or very poorly illustrated. 

When it is considered that in the great majority of patents now granted models are rarel}' provided, or the in- 
vention produced in actual operative construction, it -will be at once apparent, that unless the drawings clearly and 
positively bring out all of the novel features of the invention the patentee will find it extremely difficult to in- 
terest others in his invention. 

In nine' cases out of ten where the patentee meets with failure, when trying to interest manufacturers or 
capitalists, it is not so much the scope of the claims of his patent that repels investors as it is the vagueness, 
defects and inaccuracies of the drawings, which prejudice the manufacturer, or capitalist against the invention or 
patent, although the patent may have decided merit and value, and which might meet with a ready sale if the in- 
vention were fuUj^ portrayed by an artistic and skillfull)^ executed drawing. 

No inventor should permit his application to be filed in the Patent Office until he has seen a copy of the draw- 
ing illustrating his invention. Thousands of applications are filed annually in which the drawings are never sub- 
mitted to the inventor, and, consequently many are deceived as to the manner in which their cases are presented. 

The Official Drawings for an application for a patent should be complete, artistic, and mechanically correct, 
and should so disclose the invention that not alone those skilled in the art to which the invention appertains can 
understand it, but that the ordinary observer, particularlj^ the manufacturer or capitalist, who must need to be 
interested to bring the invention into commercial use, may also understand it. 

In former years it was sufficient if the drawing reasonably well disclosed the invention to the satisfaction 
of the Patent Office Examiner, who being usually an expert, could the more quickly comprehend the same, than 
others, especially so where a model accompanied the same. 

Models are no longer required bj- the Patent Office and it is therefore essential that the drawings of an 
application be full and complete. 



Patent Drawings. 

The inventor must remember that the clearer, the more artistic and the more mechanically correct the draw- 
ings, in his patent the less difficulty will he encounter in making- the same understood by the manfuacturer or 
capitalist whose conclusions frequentl3' receive the initiative by the first occular impression of the invention. 
Often when the capitalist has no time or is not disposed to read up the description, if the drawing discloses the in- 
vention he is likely to become interested by a glance at the drawings. 

Specifications in ordinary cases are sometimes dictated by the expert specification writer in less than an hour, 
but to properlj' execute a drawing the work must be slowly completed. Descriptive words can be read by different 
persons to have different meanings, but the drawing can be read only one way. It is for this reason that in many 
patent cases which have been heard in the United States Supreme Court, the scope or validity of the claims thereof 
have been determined by what is shown in the drawings. 

Of late it has become the practice of some Attorneys or Solicitors, particularly those who vigorously adver- 
tise to do work cheap, to " farm out " their drawings to inexperienced or second rate draughtsmen who are willing 
to contract to furnish the drawings at a very low price, per sheet. First class Attorneys or Firms usually have 
skilled draughtsmen in their constant employ and it is such who furnish the higher class of work, as the draughts- 
man employed by them is not limited in time or expense. ' 

Usually attorneys charge $5 per sheet for official drawings, for which some of them pay the draughtsman 
much less than one-half of such amount. For the price the inventor is called upon to paj', SS for a single sheet of 
drawings, he should insist that first class drawings be made to accompanj' his application for a patent. 

If the drawings of a patent fully, correctl}- and artistically disclose the invention, copies of the patent will 
serve as an elegant media for advertising the invention, and the cost will be very low, as the Patent Oflfice 
Department will furnish copies thereof in quantities for S cents each. 



88 







WHITE HOUSE. 



89 



Decisions of the Courts and the Commissioner of Patents relating to Patents, Patent Applications, 

Assignments, &c., &c. 



state License. 



The Constitution of the United States provides for the protection of inventors. The laws enacted by States to prevent the free exer- 
cise of the privileg'es conveyed by a patent are unconstitutional, and hence null and void. (See ex-parte J. Robinson, U. S. Circuit Court. 
District of Indiana. May 30, 1870, and Helm v. First National Banlc of Huntingrton. Circuit Court of Indiana). 

In cases where the article manufactured effects the interest of a State directly, a license is necessar.v, as the manufacture of whiske.v 
under a patent process. 

Patentees Entitled to All Uses of Their Inventions. 

A patentee who is the first to make an invention, is entitled to his claim for all the uses and advantag'es which belong^ to it, and it is 
immaterial whether he perceived and stated such advantag'es id his patent. (S. C. of the U. S., Stow v. the City of Chicag-o. Decided Janu- 
ary 9, 1882.) 

Aggregation Not Patentable. 

A mere ag'greg'ation and bringing together of old devices or instrumentalities is not a patentable invention unless some new result 
is obtained. (S. C. of the Dist. of Columbia Ex-parte Fisher.) 

Joint Invention Defined. 

The mere suggestion, not acted upon by a person making it,.but carried out and perfected b3- another, will not entitle the former to be 
considered a joint inventor. Nor is it necessary that exactly the same idea should have occurred to two persons at the same time, and that 
they should work out together the embodiment of this idea in a perfect machine to constitute them joint inventors. If an idea is suggested 
to one, and he even goes so far as to construct a machine embodying this idea, but is not a completed and working machine, and another 
person takes hold of it, and by their joint labors, one suggestion one thing and and the other another, a perfect machine is made, a joint- 
patent may be properly issued to them. If, upon the other hand, one person invents a distinct part of a machine, and another person in- 
vents another distinct and independent part of the same machine, then each should obtain a patent for his own invention. (Worden et al 7-. 
Fisher et al., 21 O. G., p. 1957.) 

Patent-Right Liable for Debts of Patentees. 

A patent-right may be subjected b_v bill in equity to the payment of a judgment-debt of the patentee. (Ager et al, ;■. Murray. U. S. S. 
C, Decided March 6. 1882.) 



90 



DECISIONS. 

Estoppel. 

Where a patentee has sold all his rig'ht, title and interest in, to and under his patents, and subsequently purchases an older patent, 
the assig'nee cannot, by such subsequent purchase, be dispossessed of the full benefit of what has been acquired from the patentee. (Curran 
V. Burdsail, 28 O. G., p. 1319.) 

Composition of Matter. 

If several claims to a '• composition of matter." thoug-h distinct, cover association of elements which contribute to the production of a 
single beneficial result, and do not fall under different classes, they, properly speakingr, cover but a sing'le invention, and hence may be in- 
cluded in the same application. {Ex-patte Hentz. 26, O. G., p. 437.) 

Label. 

The several acts of Cong-ress regrarding' the reg'istration of prints designed to be used as labels, do not exclude from registration a label 
containing- matter which might be registered as a trade-mark : nor does the fact that a label bears such distinguishing marks as entitle it 
to registration as a trade-mark, exclude it from registration as a label if the owner desires it to be registered as such. Whether the Com- 
missioner of Patents is to regard it as one or the other depends wholly upon the will of its proprietor. (Sewing Machine Co. v. Commissioner 
of Patents. 22 O. G.. p. i366.) 

Oath of Inventor. 

The statutory requirements of an affidavit by an applicant for an original patent is directory merely, and if it is irregular or omitted 
altogether the patent is not thereby vitiated. (Hartshorn %•. Eagle Co., 25 O. G., p. 1191.) 

Prior Publication. 

Even without any description, if a published drawing fully and clearly exhibits and discloses an invention sought to be patented, it is 
an adequate and complete reference in itself alone. It is to be considered as a publication, i Ex-parie Borden, 26 O. G., p. 439.) 

Process. 

The omission of one step of the patented process avoids infringement. (Cotter -•. Now Haven Co.. 23 O. G.. p. 740.) 

Sheriff's Sale of Patented Machine. 

The rule that a purchaser at a sheriff's sale succeeds to the beneficial rights of the defendant in the execution to the property sold ap- 
plies to the case of patented machinery, and whatever right to use a patented machine a defendant in execution may have passes with the 
sale. 



91 



DECISIONS. 

Infringement of Patent by Joint Owner. 

A part owner of a patent has no rig'ht to use an inf ring'ingr device. If he does, he is liable to his co-owner for the wrong' done. 
When a part owner of a patent sues a co-owner for usinff an infriug-ing- device, the recovery, if any. will be in proportion to their re- 
spective interests. (Herrinfr t. Gas Consumers" As.sociation. U. S. Circuit Court. E. Dist. of Mo.', 

Experimental Use and Sale. 

The law permits an inventor to make practical test of his invention, and when an invention is used in public in the way of e.xperiraent 
or Irial, or when a machine is sold on trial and warranted, it is not such a public use or sale as is contemplated by the statute. (Graham t. 
McCormick et al. U. S. C. C. for the Dist. of Illinois. Decided March 13. 1882.) 

Invention of Employee. 

Persons are not deprived of the right of their invention while in the service of others, unless they have been hired and paid to exercise 
their inventive faculties by their employers. (Hapg-ood Vt al. t. Hewitt. U. S. C. C. for Dist. of Indiana. Decided March 22, 1882.) 

Assignments of Patents. 

Assignments of patents are not required to be-under seal. The statutes simply provide that *' every patent, or any interest therein shall 
be assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (Gottfried 7. Miller. U. S. S. C. Decided January 23, 1882.) 

New Combination of Old Devices. 

A new combination of known devices pruducin;.' a new and useful result (as that of greatly increasing the effectiveness of a machine 
is evidence of invention, and may be the subject of a patent The Webster Loom Co. r-. Higgins et al, U. S. S. C. Decided May 8. 1882. 

Priority of Invention Public Use. 

Of two original inventors. they».v/ will be entitled to a patent unless the other puts the invention into public use more than two years 
before the application for a patent. (The Webster Loom Company t. Higgins et al. U. S. S. C. Decided May 8, 1882./ 

Re^lssues. 

In the matter of re-issuing applications, either for the purpose of o.Kpanding claims or correcting errors, the applicant must use due 
dilifence in presenting an amended specification, and said amended specification should be for the same invention disclosed in the oriffinal 



92 



DECISIONS. 

patent. Nexo matter cannot be introduced therein. Two years from the date of the orig-inal application is usually considered ■ due dilig-ence." 
(See Edward Miller & Co. i\ Bridg-eport Brass Companj-: James i<. Campbell et al.: t. Claxton v. Campbell et al., and Campbell ■•. James at 
al.,XJ. S. S. C, decided January 9, 1882; also Matthews et al. v. Boston Machine Company et al., U. S. S. C, decided March 27, 1882; John- 
son et al. v. Flushing and North Side R. R., U. S. S. C. Decided May 8, 1882.) 

The law authorizing- the re-issue of patents was never intended to allow the scope of a patent to beenlarged so as to include and em- 
brace within it matters and things that were not embraced in the original invention. 

Any extension of the re-issued patent beyond the scope of the invention set forth and fairly indicated in the original specification, 
drawings, and model would be fatal to the patent itself. (The Swain Turbine and Manufacturing Co. v. Ladd. U. S. S. C. Decided December 
13,1880.) 

Novelty— Great Utility of Invention. 

The fact that an invention is of great utility and has gone largely into use, goes far to show that the inventor discovered and put to use 
what others skilled in the art had overlooked, and it would probably have been found out before if ordinary skill in that art could have dis- 
covered it. [Bruce t. Marden et al.. U. S. S. C, So. Dist. of N. Y. Decided October Term. i881.] 

Construction of Patents— Specification and Claim. 

The inventor cannot go beyond what he has claimed', and insist that his patent covered something- not claimed, merely because it is 
found in the descriptive part of a speeification. (The Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., A. Parker, President, t. Mellon et al.. U. S. S. C. Decided 
October 25, 1881.) 

Acquiescence. 

The patentee is not guilty of acquiescence for neglecting to proceed at once against all who infringe. 

Firm— Title— Assignment. 

The title of a patent taken out in the name of one of 'he members of a firm and never assigned to the firm, will not pass by sale of part- 
nership property, although expenses incident to the issue of the patent are paid by the firm and the patent was used for the benefit of the 
firm while the partnership lasted. (McWillianis Manufacturing C, v. Blundell. U S. C. C. Dis.. of R. I. Decided Febriiarv 24. 1882.) 

> 
Trade=Marks. 

Under the act of February 20, 1905, and the rules now iu force, trade-marks, those used in inter-state commerce, in foreign commerce or 
commerce with the Indian tribes are registrable, and there has been no essential change in the law as to warrant the registration of a trade-mark 
which courts would not agree as such, except that under the present law, certain marks, not strictly common law trade-marks, can be registered if 
they have been in exclusive use for more than ten ^'ears prior to the act of Februaij- 20. 1905. 



DECISIONS. 

Under the present trade-mark act, the applicant is required to specify some particular States of the United States or some particular foreign 
countrj' or Indian tribe with which he has commercial relations. 

Right of Government to Use Patented Inventions. 

The Gorernment of the United States has no rig-ht to use a patented invention without compensation to the owner of the patent. 
(James v. Campbell et a!., U. S. S. C. Decided January 9, 1882.) 

Change of Old Device. Patentable. 

A chanpe made in an old device, which, though simple, is effective and produces new and useful result, held to involve the exercise of 
invention. (Sewing- Machine Co. t. Frame, 28 O. G., p. 96.) 

Infringement. 

A structure embracing all the elements of the patented invention, and also an additional feature not found in the latter, constitutes an 
infring-ement of a patent. (Roemer v. Simon et al., 28 O. G., p. 154.) 

Executors and Administrators. 

It is clear that a patent-rigrht, like any other personal property', is understood by Congress to vest in the executors and administrators 
of the patentee, if he has died without having assigned it, (Shaw Company v. City of New Bedford, 28 O. G.. p. 283.) 

New Use. 

The application of an old process or machine to a similar or analogous subject, with no change in the manner of applying and no re- 
sult substantially distinct in its nature, will not sustain a patent, even if the new form of result has not before been contemplated. (Penn. 
R. R. Co. V. The Locomotive Co., 27 O. G., p. 207.) 

Sub= combination. 

The fact that a device comprising several patentable elements has been patented as a whole, will not prevent the patentee from after- 
ward securing a patent for a combination of any number of the elements less than the whole, provided he applies for it before the lesser 
combination has been two years in public use. (Cahn v. Wong Town On, 27 O, G., p. 299,) 

Original Inventor. 

When an inventor is first to enter a particular field of invention, the claim of his patent should be construed, broadly, to cover any 
similar apparatus which effects the same result in substantially the same manner. (Worswick Co. v. City of Buffalo. 27 O. G., p, 1239.) 



94 



DECISIONS. 

state Licenses. 

Property in inventions exists by virtue of the law of Congress, and no State has a rig-ht to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex 

conditions to the prrant. 

If a patentee complies with the law of Congress, he has a rig-ht to g-o into the open market anywhere within the United States and sell 
his property. [Ex-parte Robinson, 4 Fish., 186 ; 2 Bliss., 309 ; Webber v. Virginia, 20 O. G., 369 : Com. Decisions, 1881, p. 326 ; 103 U. S., 344 ; 
Wilch. V. Phelps, 25 O. G., 981 : Com. Decisions, 1883 ; p. 489 ; IS N. W. Rep., 361 : 14 Neb., 134.) 

The Distinction Between Use for Experiment and Statutory Public Use. 

Use by the inventor of a machine in order to devise by experiment improvements upon the same to perfect it, is permissible, even 
where, a'S an incident, the product of the machine is sold ; but where the use is mainly for trade and profit, and the experiments for improve- 
ments are incidental, then the principal and not the incident gives character to the use and the latter is a public use under the statute, and 
comes within its prohibition if it takes place more than two years before the application for the patent. (The Smith & Griggs Manufactur- 
ing- Company v. Sprague, Administratrix, Supreme Court of the United States. Decided Nov. 14, 1887.) 

Reduction to Practice. 

It is still an unsettled question whether the embodiment of an invention in a construction capable of use, without actual practical use, 
will of itself secure to the inventor an indefeasible title as against other applicants who subsequently invent and properly reduce to practice 
the same device. If upon the completion and actual use either in public or in private of a machine or article of manufacture, the invention 
embodied therein becomes a successful experiment so as to entitle the inventor to a patent and to defeat the claim of a subsequent inventor 
without further action or diligence on the part of the first inventor, still the inventor does not pass absolutely from the domain of experi- 
ment until it has been actually used in public. If forgotten before or after such public use, it may be re-invented and patented by a subsequent 
inventor. If abandoned before such public use, it is an abandoned experiment and may be patented by a subsequent inventor. If abandoned 
after svich public use, it cannot be patented by a subsequent inventor, but becomes the property of the public. (Mallet v. Cogger, 16 O. G., p, 45.) 

Application for a Patent— Oath. 

An applicant for a patent should make oath that his invention has not been in public use, or on sale in this country for more than two 
years prior to the filing of his application. {Ex-parte Rowan, 22 O. G., p. 1037.) 

Prior Use— Unsuccessful and Abandonment Experiment. 

A patent is not invalidated by proof that before the patentee's invention a device similar to the patentee's was temporarily in use, but 
proved a failure and was abandoned under circumstances indicating that it was no more than an unsuccessful and abortive experiment. To 
defeat a patent on the ground of prior use of the patented invention, it must appear that the anticipatory device was embodied in distinct 
form and was so far perfected as to be capable of practical use, (Allis v. Buckstall et al., 22 O. G., p. 1705.) 



95 



DECISIONS. 

Who Are Liable to Infringement. 

The only persons who can be held for daraag^es for the infringement of a patent are those who own or have some interest in the busi- 
ness of making-, using or selling the thing which is an infringement, and an action at law cannot be maintained against the directors, share- 
holders or workmen of a corporation which infringes a patented improvement. (Nickel 2\ Worthington. 23 O. G., p. 939.) 

Design Patents. 

Patents for designs have reference to appearcnce rather than utilit.>' : their object is to encourage the arts of decoration rather than 
the invention of useful pr. ducts, but all regulations and provisions that are applicable to the pertaining or protecting of patents for inven- 
tions are, by sectiou 49X'). Revised Statutes, made applicable also to design patents. (Theberath t. Rubber Co.. 23 O. G.. p. 1121. j 

Anticipation of a Design. 

A design patent may be defeated upon proof that articles which revealed to the eye the same design which is the subject of a patent 
were publicly made and sold for more than two years before the application was filed. (Theberath -r. Rubber Co., 23 O. G.. p. 1121.) 

Reissue Application. 

Where on application for reissue, it affirmatelj' appears from the applicants own statement that the original application was not made 
and executed in accordance with the provisions of law, the original patent must be held to be invalid, and no reissue thereof can be granted. 
(Ex-parle Benton. 23 O. G.. p. 341. 

Patent Void, Because of False Allegation of Joint Invention. 

If a patent Is issued to two persons as inventors, when in fact it was invented by only one. the patent is void. (Royal et al. i-. Coupe, 
39 O. G., p. 239.) 

Patentable Novelty. 

The Court finds that one element of the combinalioii claimed in the patent in suit was new. and that the combination was useful, and 
determines that the invention was patentable. (Temple Pump Company v. The Goss Pump and Rubber Bucket Manufacturing Company 
et al..39 0. ('... p. 467.) 

Driven Wells. 

Re-Issued Letters-Patent Xo. 4372. granted to Nelson W. Green. May 9. 1871. for improvements in the methods of constructing Artesian 
Wells, declared invalid on account of public use more than two j-ears before the date of filing the application for the original patent. 

When the purchase or construction of the patented machine or article took place at a time more than two years prior to the application, 
whether with or without the knowledge consent or allowance of the patentee, the patent is invalid ; and that is the effect of Section 24 of the 
act of 1870, and of Section 4886 of the Revised Statutes. ;S. C. of U. S., Andrews et al. v. Hovey. Decided Nov. 14, 18S7.) 



96 



DECISIONS, 

Article of Manufacture. 

An article of manufucture to be the subject of a patent must be new as such in the sense of the patent laws, and must be the result of 
invention. (MacKay et al. 7'. Jackman. 22 O. G., p. 85.) 

Utility of Design. 

The term "useful" in the patent law is used in contradistinction to mischievous." A design, if not mischievous, is useful if it is attrac- 
tive, and the utility consists in such a shape or configuration of a g-iven article that persons needing- it will purchase it because of such shape or 
config-uration in preference to other articles for the same purpose, but different in" shape and config-uration. {Ex-parU Norton, 22 O. G., 

^' When a Weight is Not an Equivalent of a Spring. 

A weight to project the writing-pen not the equivalent of a spring for the purpose desired, the eflSciency of the weight in this connection 
being impaired by its necessary confinement in a small working space and the necessary inclination of the pen from a perpendicular both 
when in use and out of use. (Cross v. Mackinnon, 22 O. G., p. 586.) 

Changes in Adjustment. 

The invention, if any, resides in the means employed to adjust the parts into efScient relations with each other in the new organization. 
(The Thatcher Heating Company et al. v. Burtis et al., 22 O. G., p. 262) 

Superiority Not Patentable. 

It is the invention of what is new, and not the arrival at comparative superiority or greater excellence in that which was already 
known, that the law protects as exclusive property and which it secures by patent. (Putnam -v. Y'errington, 9 O. G., p. 689.) 

Experinental Use does Affect Obtaining a Patent. 

The experimental use of a machine more than two years before filing an application does not affect the right to a patent. (Chambers 
& Mendham v. Duncan et als. 10 O. G., p. 787.) 

Prior Applicant Obtains the Patent. 

The right of a prior applicant will not be prejudiced by reason of a patent being issued inadvertently to a subsequent applicant, and 
tj4%; Isurden of proof rests upon the latter in trial of interference. (Gordon -v. Withington, 9 O. G., p. 1009.) 

Anticipation. 

A deTice which could not be used as a substitute for the patentee's invention without the exercise of invention is not in anticipation 
0- i. (Crs.-!daU et al. v. The Parker Carriage Goods Company, 28 O. G., p. 369.) 



97 



DECISIONS. 

A Bill to Cancel a Patent Cannot be Maintained in the Name of the United States. 

The Court, adopting^ the conclusions of Judg'e Sheplev, of the same circuit (Attorney-General f. Rumford Chemical Works. 2 Bann. & 
Ard., 298 ; O. G.. 1062 ; C. D. 1876, 391.) are of the opinion that the Government, in the absence of any express enactment, has no power to 
briug^ a bill to cancel a patent. (United States of America ;•. American Bell Telephone Company et al. U. S. Circuit Court, District of Mass. 
Decided Sept. 26, 1887.) 

Orant of a Canadian Patent. 

The grant of a Canadian Patent is to be determined by its date of issue, and not by the time of its delivery. (Bate Refrig'erating' 
Company t. Gillett. 22 O. G.. p. 1205.) 

Applications. 

When an application is once filed, be it a divisional or other oriyinal application, it presenis a certain state of facts, and when examined 
on that state of facts the Patent Office has done all that is required, the applicant havinff received all that a sing'le fee will cover. He may 
not shift from one state of facts to another and draw in extraneous matter, whether it De from an entirely independent source or from a 
divisional application. Ex-parte Holt. 29 O. G.. p. 171.) 

Labels. 

While a person has the rifrht to use his own name as a label on ffoods, he will not be permitted to use it in such a form or in such an 
arrangement with other words as to lead the public to suppose that the jfoods are those of another person who has the same name and 
has previously employed it in the same way to identify his froods. (Landreth & Sons v. Landreth. 29 O. G.. p. 1131.) 

Machine and Process. 

A Patent may be valid for a process and another be valid for the means of carrying^ it on. (Phillips 7. Koehert, 40 O. G., p. 1J41.) 

Patent Office— Power to Make Rules. 

Congress in creating- the Patent Office has by express legislation given that office the power to enact rules for its conduct. Those rules, 
if within the powers of the 0£5ce and reasonable, are just as authorative as the laws of Congress itself. (United States ex rel Horace 
Koechlin and Otto N. Witt t. Edgar M. Marble. Commissioner of Patents. 22 O. G., p. 1365.) 

Process— Mere Operation of Machine. 

The mere operation of a machine does not constitute a patentable process. It is not a chemical process nor any other for transforming 
the subject of it into another state. New v. Warren, 29 O. G., p. 587.) 



98 



DECISIONS. 

Test of Identity of Design. 

The true test of identity of a desig-n is sameness of appearance; in other words, sameness of effect upon theeye of an ordinar3- observer, 
"bringing to the examination of the article upon which the desig'n has been placed that degree of observation which men of ordinarj- intelli- 
gence g'ive. (Jenning-s et al. v. Kibble et al., 22 O. G., p. 331.) 

Agregation and Not Patentable Combination. 

Combination with one form of machine a device or element well known in other forms of machines of the same class — as arranging- in 
a lire-place heater or a well known type a fuel receptacle common in ordinary cook stoves — is not broadly patentable. It is a mere aggreg-a- 
tion of old devices, each performing its ordinary function in the ordinary way and not co-operating to produce any new result. (The 
Thatcher Heating Company et al. v. Burtis et al., 22 O. G.. p. 262.) 

When Suggestion Does Not Affect Inventor. 

When a master-workman employing other people in his service has conceived the plan of an invention, and is engaged in experiments 
to perfect it, no suggestions from a person employed by him, not amounting to a new method or arrangement which in itself is a complete 
invention, are sufficient to deprive the employer of the exclusive property in the forfeited improvement. (Agawman Co. v. Jordan, 7 

Wallace, S83.) 

Inventor Not Bound After Expiration of an Agreement. 

Parties engaging the service of an inventor under an agreement that he shall devote his ingenuity to the perfecting of a machine for 
their benefit, can lay no claim to improvements conceived by him after the expiration of such agreement. ( Appleton f. Bacon & North, 2 
Black, 699. ) 

An Inventor Cannot License and Use His Invention. 

A license to a person to use an invention only, "at his own establishment," does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by 
himself and others. (Rubber Co. v. Goodyear. 9 Wallace. 788 ) 

Prior Publications. 

Business circulars which are sent only to persons engaged, or supposed to be engaged in the trade, are not such publications as section 
4886 of the law contemplates, and in a contest of priorit.v will not afford a basis for a claim of prior invention as against a patentee. (New 
Process Fermentation Company v. Koch, 29 O. G., p. 535.) 

Change of Machine. 

Where a claim in a patent is for a certain arrangement of elements which perform a distinct and independent result in a machine, a 
change of these parts changes the patented arrangement, and the machine becomes /;-o tanto a new machine, and is out of the reach of the 
patent. (Rea3- v. Jones Envelope Company, 28 O. G., p. 370.) 



99 



DECISIONS. 

Prints or Labels which are Not Trade°Marks are Registrable. 

Only those prints and labels which are not trade-marks can be registered in the Patent Office : but trade-marks can be registered as 
such, and afterwards a print or label embodving such trade-mark can be reg'istered. CW. Simpson & Sons, 10 O. G.. p. 333.) 

To Infringe a Patent it is Not Necessary to use Entire Construction. 

To infrinpre a patent, it is not necessary that the thing- patented should be adopted in erery particular. If the patent is adopted sub- 
stantially by the defendants they are g-uilty of infringement. (Sewel -■. Jones et al., 9 O. G.. p. 47.) 

Change of Position Patentable. 

Transferring- the point of applying the lifting force of a spring from a point behind the forward end of the beam to an arm on the 
coupling, to which the beam is pivoted, held to involve patentable invention. (The Brown Manufacturing Company 7. Deere c& Co., 28 
O. G., p. 1187.) 

When Aggregation is Not Anticipated. 

■Where a claim does not cover a mere aggregation of separate elements, and there is not shown a mere mechanical juxtaposition, but 
each one of the elements of the claim contributes to the combined result which is due to the joint and co-operating action of all of them, the 
claim is not anticipated by showing that certain of its individual parts are old. (Sessions 7-. Romadka et al., 28 O. G., p. 721.) 

Use of Patented Articles. 

The purchase of a patented article from the patentee confers upon the buyer the right to use the article to the same extent as though 
it were not the subject of a patent, but the sale does not import the permission of the vender that it may be used in a way that will violate 
his exclusive property in another invention. (Roosevelt t. Western Electric Company, 28 O. G., p. 812.) 

Title to Patent. 

The title to a patent taken out in the name of one of the members of the firm, and never assigned to the firm will not pass by sale of 
partnership property, although expenses incident to the issue of the patent were paid by the firm and the patent was used for the benefit of 
the firm while the partnership lasted. (JlcWilliams Manufacturing Company 7 . Blundell. 22 O. G. p. 177.) 

Re-Issue. 

Where it can be seen that the patentee seeks b3' apt wards of description to secure what he has honestly invented and nothing more, 
the court should hesitate to regard with favor the accusation now so freely made against re-issued patents. (Crandall et al. 7-. The Parker 
Carriage Goods Company, 28 O. G.. p. 369.) 



100 



Attorneys Charges. 

It has been the custom for many years, for regularly established attorneys and patent soliciting firms, par- 
ticularly those doing- a large business, to have what is known as a fixed scale of charges, particularly applicable to 
the ordinary run of cases, meaning those of a simple character in which the mere assemblage of new mechanical 
structures is involved. 

Of late years the fixed charges of different firms has varied somewhat, generally from $25 to $40 Attorney's 
Fee for simple inventions, meaning those which can be usually illustrated on one sheet of Official Drawings. 

These charges are indeed moderate enough when the service rendered in return therefor is of an expert and 
honest kind, but for service such as is furnished bj' many of the " cheap kind" of attorueys or solicitors, the said 
charges are exorbantly high. 

When it is considered that more than six hundred thousand (600,000) patents have been granted, it will be 
manifestly clear that to properly prepare and prosecute a patent case now, requires more skill, energy and persis- 
tent efforts on the part of the attorney or solicitor, than was necessary some years ago when the number of 
patented inventions was much less. 

Do not allow yourselves to be caught by the bait of cheap prices. Cheap fees means cheap work. 

To avoid dealing with triflers, many first-class patent soliciting firms find it necessary to make the iron clad 
rule of requiring from $20 to $25 advance payment on new cases before they will proceed with the business. 

Attorneys are justified in doing this, as too often inventors, either for want of money for fees, or by reason 
of abandonment of their inventions, fail to pay attorneys their charges after they have faithfully attended to the 
preparation of the necessary drawings and specifications for the application. 

This rule, however, is not always insisted on by attorneys who feel confident that they can furnish satisfac- 
tory service and when the client is well known to them or he can give satisfactory references as to his financial 
standing, integrity, etc. 



101 



Attorneys Charges. 

The inventor should deal honestl}' with his attorney if he expects to receive honest service in return. He 
Should, however, before paying the attorney his full fees, insist that all the official specifications, together with 
copies of the complete official drawings be submitted to him for his examination and approval that he may become 
full}' conversant with the same before they are filed in the Patent Office Department, for the reason, that the Patent 
Office rules positively prohibit the making of any changes or addition in the construction of mechanism described 
in the application after it has once been filed for examination. 

As a rule most of the attornej-s ask an advance or retainer fee and the pa3'ment of the balance of their fee 
before the application for a patent is filed in the Patent Office Department, while others do business on what is 
commonly called the " NO PATENT NO PAY " plan. That is. the Attorney's fee is made contingent upon the 
success of securing the allowance of the patent. 

Opinions as to whether a client would be best served by an Attorney who is to receive his pay when his ser- 
vice is finished, or by one who receives his pay in advance, differ. If an attorney is not honest and competent 
paying him the fee in advance or contingent upon success will not make him so, but it is obvious that an Attorney 
cannot be expected to exert his best efforts for a client when the payment of his fee is of considerable doubt. 

That this is true is evidenced by the rule now made by those who do their business on the "NO PATENT 
NO PAY" plan, which rule requires the inventor who entrusts his case to them to deposit the amount of the 
Attorne3-'s Fees in a bank payable to the order of the Attorney when the Official Notice of allowance of the patent 
is presented to the bank holding the deposit. 

It is manifest that the inventor must raise as much fee money before filing his case with the "'NO PATENT 
NO PAY " attorney as with the attorney who compels the inventor to pay all fees directly to him instead of deposit- 
ing part of the same in a bank. 



102 



Attorneys Charges. 

Any firm having- a very large clientage and an active business can without doubt give first-class and honest 
service on the contingent plan, and that there are firms working on this plan who endeavor to give their clients 
honest and expert service is acknowledged by those whose judgment is not biased by blind professional predjudice, 
but it is deemed proper to add that some firms doing business on the "NO PATENT NO PAY" plan do exist 
who engage cheap and inexperienced employees and whose anxiety to draw fees at the earliest moment makes them 
indifferent to the interest of securing the broadest possible patent : the interests of their client being often subordi- 
nate to the single idea of getting the patent quickly. 

The inventor should always remember that he has to depend solely on the claims of his patent for his pro- 
tection. It therefore follows that if a patent is not drawn up by an honest and competent attorney, his chances 
for realizing on his invention will be few indeed. 

It matters very little if the attorney you employ asks for his fees in advance or requires you to deposit same 
in a bank to be paid him after he secures you a patent if he has not the necessary acquirements to secure you a 
complete monopoly for your invention. 

You should remember that an attorney possessing the necessary requirements to secure you a good and 
valid patent is not likely to work for nothing. He expects good pay; usually gets it, and for return generally 
obtains for his client broad patents which have a commercial value. 



V^^T-^ 



^\P 



*^Vv^ 



103 



FORMS OF ASSIGNMENT, 

Every first-class Patent Attorney or Solicitor has, or should have, means for furnishing- his clients the 
names of any and all the Manufacturers who make articles like the client's Invention, and as a rule attorneys 
cheerfully furnish said names to their clients and freely advise them as to what steps are necessary to consumate 
a deal and when requested prepare the necessary transfer papers. 

If the Patentee's attorneys refuse to do this freely it is about time the Patentee changed attorneys. 

Anyone having a new idea not able to push it should try and interest a trustworthy friend or capitalist who 
will advance money sufficient to patent the Invention and exploit the same, but before doing- so the Inventor 
should build a neat model, or if this is not possible, have a neat illustration and description made of the same 
by a competent Draughtsman or Attorney. Do not attempt to interest anyone in a new idea with an incomplete, 
crude, inoperative, and inexpressive exhibit. If you do you are likely to repel rather than interest- those whose 
assistance you may want. 

As an aid to those who desire to sell all or part of their Invention before or after patented, or who wish to 
place their Patent on royalty or under license, the following blank forms are given. These are generally 
used for the Patent Office Department. "Whenever an assignment for a filed application or Patent is made, the 
same should be sent to the Commissioner of Patents at Washington, D. C, together with $1 fee for recording. 
To be valid as against a third party the assignment should be entered within three months from the date of 
its execution. 

No, 1— AGREEMENT TO ASSIGN. 

Whereas; I, , of , County of State of , 

have invented a new and improved , for which I intend to apply for Letters Patent in 

the United States; and 

Whereas, , of , in the County of , State of , 

has advanced and paid over to and forme the sum of dollars for maturing and perfecting my inven- 
tion, and as part payment on account of expenses for securing a Patent thereon. 



104 



FORMS OF ASSIGNMENT, 

Now. therefore, be it known that I, the aforesaid , do hereby agree, and it is intended, 

that this instrument serve as binding- me to assign over to the aforesaid , his heirs or 

assigns, an undivided interest in my invention and the lyctters Patent to be secured therefor. 

I also agree, and also bind myself, to use all diligence in taking the proper steps to make an application for 
a Patent for my aforesaid invention, to sign any and all necessary assignment papers, to properly record in the 
Patent Office Department such transfer of my interests to the aforesaid 

In the presence of 

SEAL. 

No, 2— ASSIGNMENT BEFORE PATENT, 

Whereas; I, , of , County of , State of , 

have invented a new and improved , 

for which I am about to make application for a Patent in the United States, and for which I signed and executed 
specifications on the day of , 1899; and 

Whereas, , of , the County of State of , 

is desirous of acquiring an interest in and to the aforesaid invention and the Letters Patent when granted 
therefor. 

Now, therefore, be it known that for and in consideration of one dollar (§1) to me in hand paid, the receipt of 

which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said , have sold, assigned, and by these presents 

do sell, sign, and transfer unto the said his heirs and assigns, of my entire 

right, title, and interest in and to the aforesaid invention, and in and to the I/ctters Patent that may be granted 

therefor in the United States, the same to be held and enjoyed by the aforesaid , for his 

own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal representatives, to the full end of the.term of the 
said Letters Patent, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me, had this assign- 
ment and sale had not been made. 



105 



FORMS OF ASSIGNMENT, 

I hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents to issue the I^etters Patents in accordance with 
the terms of this assignment. 

Witness: SEAi,. 

Sworn to and subscribed before me, a Notary Public, this day , 1899. 

[SEAI,.] 

Notary or Justice Sign. 

No 3.— ASSIGNMENT AFTER PATENT, 

Whereas; I, , of , in the Count}' of , State of , 

did obtain Letters Patent in the United States for an improved '. , which Letters 

Patents are numbered , and bear date 18 ; and whereas I am now sole owner of the 

said Letters Patent; and 

Whereas, of , County of and State of 

is desirous of acquiring- an interest in the said Letters Patent; 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known that for and in consideration of (§1) one dollar to 

me in hand paid, the receijjt of which is hereby acknowledged, I the said , have sold, 

assigned, and transferred, and by these presents do assign, sell, and transfer unto the aforesaid 

, part of my entire right, title, and interest in the aforesaid Letters Patent; the same to be held, 

and enjoyed by the said , for his own use and behoof , and for the use and behoof of 

his legal representatives and assigns for the full term of the Letters Patent, and as entirely as the same would 
have been held and enjoyed by me, had the assignment and sale not been made. 

I testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal at , County of 

and State of , this day of , 1899. 

Witness: 

SEAI,- 

Sworn to and subscribed before me, a Notary Public, this day of 1899. 

[SEAI,:] 

Notary Siffn. 



106 




U. S. STATE, WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



107 



APPENDIX. 



DIETERICH'S 



50 



PERPETUAL MOTIONS 



TEXT AND PLATES COPYRIGHTED 
1899-1906. 



108 



PERPETUflL MOTION. 

The solution of Perpetual Motion apparently still captivates those who believe in the possible successful 
solving' of such a machine, thoug^h the vain efforts of centuries have done nothing- beyond showing failure and the 
wanton waste of energ-y and money from its votaries. That this Will-o-the-Wisp is still being- pursued is evi- 
denced by the continuous so-called new discoveries which are launched with great regularity as the "Eureka" of 
some mechanical mind. 

From a continuous experience of more than twenty-five years in the Patent Grist Mill the writer is led to 
believe the problem of Perpetual Motion has at some time been seriously considered by many minds of more than 
ordinary mechanical development, even if but to a very limited degree, and though the careful student and close 
observer quickly brushes aside this chimera for something more tangible, unfortunately often those with mechan- 
ical ingenuity of such high order if applied to other mechanical lines in which new improvements are always in 
demand might with little difficulty land themselves in the lap of luxury, still persist in hammering away at this 
phantom billet, producing "new" mechanical mixtures of "this and that," which are but repetitions of the 
identical principles and ways ancient when Solomon the Wise said, " There is nothing new under the sun." 

It is not intended in this brief article on Perpetual Motion to dig deep into the scientific whys and wherefores 
thereof, but to make clear, if posible, how utterly hopeless all efforts in this line have been and are likely to be, so 
as to divert the attention of those who are giving this subject study to other and more profitable channels and 
save them a needless expense and waste of time. 

During the past few years articles have appeared from time to time in newspapers and other periodicals stim- 
ulated to some extent by unscrupulous Patent firms. Brokers, etc., that the United States Government had offered 
a premium of a large amount for a practical Perpetual Motion Machine. This is not so. The United States 
Patent Office has not authorized such offer nor has any other Department of the United States Government, and 
that the Patent Office Department does not encourage the study of this problem is evidenced by the fact that 
whenever an application for a patent for Perpetual Motion is now received bj' said Department the application, 
together with the fees paid thereon, are returned to the applicant. 



109 



PERPETUAL MOTION. 

Often attorneys (after honestly advising- their clients that p^-^^nts cannot be secured for Perpetual Motion) are 
importuned and requested to file applications for Perpetual Motion Machines under some other title to g-et the case 
before the Patent OiBce Examiner for action. This course while frowned upon by many in reality in the end 
serves the inventors" best interests, as an official letter from the Patent Office Department setting- out that the 
invention is for an inoperative mechanism and the same cannot be considered further until a working model is 
filed, does more to bring- the inventor to a proper realization of the hopelessness of his efforts than all the advice 
his attorney and friends can possibly offer, and, as a rule, stops his further efforts and wanton waste of mental 
energ-y and cash. 

The term " Perpetual Motion " is in reality a misnomer. As so far as can be seen there is no sing-le motion in 
nature that can be called perpetual, though change is perpetual and motion somewhere must always exist. 

The term •' Self Mover " better covers the motion of which visionaries have dreamt and for which enthusiasts 
still labor, and is supposed to be a machine which, under ordinary circumstances, will start itself, overcome the 
resistance of air and friction, and possessing a surplus of motion sufficient to propel other machines tiot self-movers. 

Why is Perpetual Motion impossible ? 

Whether a self-mover capable of communicating motion without losing in power that which it gives oft' or 
communicates, will in the future become an accomplished fact, is something which the future alone can determine, 
but under the existing state of things there is but one conclusion as to Perpetual Motion, and that is, to produce 
such a motion is an impossibility, and why may be briefly stated as follows : 

The resistance of air and friction incessantly retards motion. In order that any motion whatever should be 
perpetual (continuous for an indefinite time) it must be maintained or kept up by some external cause, but as 
nothing g-ives that which it does not possess, the generating force cannot give the machine a g-reater amount of 
motion or power than that which it itself has. 

The question of Perpetual Motion is reduced to the finding of a weight that is heavier than itself or an elastic 
force having a greater elasticity than it possesses — an absurd proposition. 



no 



PBRPETUflL MOTION. 

No item of energy in the universe ever perishes, nor is any item of energ-y ever added to the existing- supply ; 
the only changes possible being those of transformation of energy from one form to another. Thus, heat energy 
may be developed from electrical energy or from mechanical energy, but for every unit of heat energy developed 
an exact equivalent of the other form of energy must disappear. 

Energy can take all shapes, but must leave one to assume another. It can only transform and in nowise 
multiply itself. 

It is just as impossible to create energy as to create matter, and any method which has for its object to get out 
of a pound of coal more energy than said pound of coal is known to possess should be regarded precisely equivalent 
to the claim that ten chairs could be tnade into eleven or more by some tpicial grouping. 

It is often contended by the would-be solver and student of Perpetual Motion that had fifty years ago the 
question been asked, Can the sound of human voice be made to repeat itself from ocean to ocean ? such query 
would have been considered equally absurd as the solution of Perpetual Motion. 

While it is true that man cannot forecast the future nor prophesy the possibilites thereof, yet all things so far 
produced of the wonderful kind have been the mere transformation of energy into different forms by scientific 
methods and means which, in creating such energy transformations, has taken from one source just what it has 
added to the other. 

Many problems and theories regarding Perpetual Motion have been advanced which on their face make their 
operativeness appear positive and clear to the average mind, and it is true that in many instances it is quite 
difficult to explain to the uninitiated wherein the reasoning regarding such problems and theories are at fault, 
but whoever has a general knowledge of the true principles of mechanics does not hesitate in the conclusion that 
inventors of Perpetual Motion would find it quite difficult to lift themselves by their own boot straps. 

Reductio ad absurdutn. 



Ill 




112 



PERPETUAL MOTION. 

The following descriptions relate to various forms of Perpetual Motion Machines invented from the fifteenth 
century to the present time. The great similarity of machines invented hundreds of years ago with those of very recent 
origin will be readily apparent : 

No. 1 of the illustrations represents one form of motion invented in the sixteenth century and is commonly called 
the Marquis of Worcester Wheel. The idea is that the centre of gravity constantly changes, by reason of the balls 
moving out by centrifugal force at one side from the axis of the wheel, as others on the opposite side move toward such 
axis. It must be observed at a glance that this wheel can only be continuously turned by external force. This principle 

of changing weights is yet being experimented with by solvers of the motion No. 2 illustrates a wheel involving 

the changing of centre of gravit}' principle. In this form the wheel is equipped with equal distantly spaced levers pivoted 
to the circumference of the wheel, each hav-ing a weight at the outer end, the several levers so pivoted or hinged to the 
wheel that in one direction they can rest on the wheel rim, while on the opposite side, being swung out by centrifugal 
force they arrange themselves eccentricall}' of the axis and in consequence supposed to rotate the wheel in the direction 
indicated by the arrow. Notwithstanding this apparent operative wheel it will not work for the reason that at all times 
the centre of gravity of all the weights is in a vertical plane passing through the point of suspension and therefore the 
wheel must stop as the weight of gravity at each side is balanced. 

Substantially the same principle is involved in the motor shown by No. 16, which represents a device patented by one 
Charles Batcheller of Iowa, dated 1870. His patent states, "I create by a system of levers, weights and gearing a 
compound power, perfectl}' balanced when at rest, * * * after being started, it accumulates power much more rapidly 
than an ordinary balance wheel, * * *. In addition to gain in power I also gain an increase of speed. While my com- 
pound lever makes one revolution, the inside shafts and wheels make two revolutions." For the reason stated in regard 
to motion No. 2, motion No. 16 fails to work. 

Illustration No. 21 illlustrates a device by Doctor Alois Drasch, of St. Egidi, Austria, patented in the United States 
December 22, 1868. 



113 



PERPETUf\L MOTION. 

"This invention consists in the arrang-ement of an annular tilting tray, which forms the orbit of a revolving- 
ball, in combination with a supporting- platform, and with a lever which extends into the tray and connects with a 
shaft, to which motion is to be imparted, in such a manner that, by continually changing the position of the tray, 
the ball is caused to rotate therein without interruption, and by the action of the rotating balls on the lever the 
desired motion is imparted to the shaft, -which connects with the working or mechanism to be driven. 

A represents a tray, which forms an annular path, or orbit, for the ball. B. This is made of sheet metal, or any 
suitable material, and its diameter is about four times that of the ball, B. It is supported in its center by a rod, 
which connects by a ball and socket joint, C, with a platform, D, so that said tray can be readily tilted in any 
desired direction. From the edge of the platform, D. rises a circular rim, E, which prevents the tray from being 
tilted any lower than desirable. The position of the tray is governed by a hand lever, F, which enables the operator 
to continually tilt said tray in advance of the rotating ball, so that said ball is kept rolling on a continually chang- 
ing incline plane ; and, as the ball progresses in its orbit, it bears on a lever, G, which extends from the shaft. H, 
into the tray, as shown in the drawing. Tlie tra3' is guided in its motion by an arm, I, which is firmly attached to 
its circumference, and catches in a loop, J, secured to the edge of the platform, D. The shaft, H, is intended to 
transmit the motion, imparted to it by the action of the ball, B, to the working machines, or to amachanism of any 
desired construction. 

" In the drawing, my motor is shown as applied to propelling a railroad car, or vehicle, and in this case the shaft, 
H, bears a bevel wheel, K, which gears into a similar bevel wheel, L,, mounted on the axle of the car, or vehicle, so 
that the rotary motion imparted to the shaft, F, will be transmitted to the axle of the car, or vehicle, and the desired 
motion of said car, or vehicle, will be effected. It is obvious, however, that mj' rotary ball motor is applicable for 
the purpose of driving machinery of any kind, and it is particularly valuable in localities where the erection of a 
steam engine, or other motor, would be difiBcult and impracticable." 

As an illustration to show that Perpetual Motion was seriously considered in ancient as well a;j modern times 
by men of great mechanical and scientific skill, the following is reproduced. 
In a work entitled "A History of the Manual Arts." we find the following : 
"Archimedes, of Syracuse, the greatest mathematician and the rarest engineer that was in his time, invented a 



114 



PERPETUf\L MOTION. 

sphere and an artificial heaven, wherein he did represent the rotations and revolutions of the planets," and of 
which Claudian g'ives a poetic description — "that this machin did move of itself; it was an automaton, a self- 
moving device ;" and further, " that these motions were driven and acted by certain spirits pent within ;" also of 
another device of " a silver heaven sent by the Emperour Ferdinand for a present to Soliman the Grand Seg-nior," 
with twelve men, and a booli " that shewed tlie use of it, and how to order and keep it in perpetual motion." An 
account is next given of Cornelius van Drebble, a Dutchman, of Alcmar, engineer to King James of England : 

" He presented the king with a rare instrutnent of perpetual motion, without the means of steel, springs, or 
weights ; it was made in the form of a globe, in the hollow whereof were wheels of brass moving about, with two 
pointers on each side thereof, to proportion and show forth the times of dayes, moneths, and years, like a perpetual 
almanack." 

Illustration No. 5, refers to a form published in a work by one Robert Fludd — printed in 1648. 

It is a water wheel which is expected through a system of gearing to operate a chain pump, which pump should 
raise the water necessary to propel the wheel, and so on forever. It is probably unnecessary to inform the readers 
that this fallacious principle has been tried in various ways, and that there are occasionally yet to be found those 
so unskilled in mechanical science, and incapable of seeing the radical error of the device, as to waste their substance 
in a repetition of this time honored blunder. We have now in mind an instance in point, in which a man spent the 
accumulation of an industrious life in endeavoring through various makeshifts to get such a wheel to move, and 
who has brought poverty upon his declining years, through his absurd experiments. It was earnestly sought by 
his friends to convince him that nothing in falling could perform more work than that required to raise it to the 
point from which it is allowed to descend, "but all such efforts proved vain, and our perpetual motion seeker would 
not desist till he had sunk his bottom doUor. " Perseverentia vincit omnia" was his reply to every argument and 
appeal, a motto which perhaps is true when applied to possibilities, and the failure of which in all the attempts to 
secure a self-mover only strengthens the belief in the impossibility of the thing sought. 

John Wilkins, Bishop of Chester, who died in 1672, during his life wrote on this subject and in referring to dis- 
coveries made at his time, and touching particularly on that class depending on " magnetic virtues" exemplified 
by the device illustrated by Figure No. 8, says : — 

" But amongst all these kinds of inventions, that is most likely, wherein a loadstone is so disposed that it shall 
draw unto it on an inclined plane a bullet of steel, which steel, as it ascends near to the loadstone, may be contrived 
to fall down through some hole in the plane, and so to return unto the place from whence at first it began to move ; 
and, being there, the loadstone will again attract it upwards till coming to this hole, it will fall down again ; and 
so the motion shall be perpetual, as may be more easily conceivable by this figure : 



115 



PERP&TUf\L MOTION, 

'' Suppose the loadstone to be represented at A B, which, though it have not streng-th enough to attract the Duuet, 
C, directly from the ground, yet may do it bj' help of the plane, E F. Now, when the bullet is come to the top of 
this plane, its own gravitj- (which is supposed to exceed the strength of the loadstone) will make it fall into that hole 
at E ; and the force it receives in this fall will carry it with such a violence into the other end of the arch, that it 
will open the passage which is there made for it ; and by its return will again shut it ; so that the bullet (as at the 
first) is in the same place whence it was attracted, and, consequently, must move perpetually." 

But however this invention may seem to be of such strong probability, yet there are sundrj- particulars which 
may prove it insufficient : for 

" This bullet of steel must first be touched, and have its several poles, or else there can be little or no attraction 
of it. Suppose C in the steel to be answerable unto A in the stone, and to B ; in the attraction, C D must always be 
directed answerable to A B, and so the motion will be more difficult ; by reason there can be no rotation or turning 
around of the bullet, but it must slide up with the line, C D. answerable to the axis, A B. 

"In its fall from E to G, which is motus elementaris and proceeds from its gravify, there must need be a rota- 
tion of it; and so 'tis odds but it happens wrong in the rise, the poles in the bullet being not in the same direction 
to those in the magnet; and if in this reflux it should so fall out, that D should be directed toward B. there should 
be rather a flight than an attraction, since those two ends do repel, and not draw one another. 

" If the loadstone, A B, have so much strength, that it can attract the bullet F. when it is not turned around, but 
does only slide upon the plane, whereas its own gravity would rowl it downwards; then it is evident the sphere of 
its activity and strength would be so increased when it approaches much nearer, that it would not need the assist- 
ance of the plane, but would draw it immediately to itself without that help ; and so the bullet would not fall down 
through the hole, but ascend to the stone, and, consequently', cease its motion ; for. if the loadstone be of force enough 
to draw the bullet on the plane, at the distance F B, then must the strength of it be sufficient to attract it immedia- 
tely unto itself when it is so much nearer as E B. And if tlie gravity of the bullet be supposed so much to exceed 
the strength of the magnet, that it cannot draw it directly when it is so near, then will it not be able to attract the 
bullet up the plane, when it is so much further off. 

" So that none of all these magnetical experiments, which have been as j'et discovered, are sufficient for the 
effecting of a perpetual motion, though these kind of qualities seem most conducible unto it : and perhaps, here- 
after, it may be contrived from them." 

No. 12 illustrates the most recent patent granted in the United States for a Perpetual Motion machine, of 
which the following is a specification ; 

I, Horace Wickham, Jr., of Chicago, county of Cook, in the State of Illinois, have invented a Machine for 
Motive Power, of which the following is a specification : 



116 



PERPETUfVL MOTION. 

A is the bed or table. B B are the standards for supporting- rocking- beam F, pivoted at the center to the stand- 
ards by the ring- D and set-screws b b. B' are the standards for supporting- the other parts of the machine, con- 
sisting of the g-overnor, flywheel, &c. F is the rocking- beam, in two parts, F'' and F''^, and secured together by the 
bands E %' %" . The upper tube, F', is made straight, and the lower tube, F'', is made in the form of a VV>a-S 
clearly shown in the drawing-. These tubes F' F" are connected at their ends, inside of the bands F' andE'', in 
such a manner as to allow the ball used to pass from the lower tube to the upper one by means of the hinged inclined 
runway C and valve C, and from the upper one to the lower, inside of the band W ■, by the opening therein. The in- 
clined runway C is hinged at one end to the upper tube, F', at the bottom of its opening or exit, inside of the band 
E', while the other end rests on the valve C. This valve Q,' has attached on its under side a pin, r, which projects 
down through a hole in the band E' a sufficient distance, so that when the pin strikes the upper standard, W , 
secured to the bed or table, as the rocking beam oscillates, it will raise the valve a short distance above the upper 
tube.F' . The valve is made to incline toward the opening in the upper tube, so that the ball when raised on the 
valve will roll into the same by means of the hinged inclined runway C. 

H is a ball, which which runs in the tubes F^ and F". This ball is charged with a necessary amount of quick- 
silver, for g-iving- more weight to the same, and also for g-iving a much quicker momentum to the ball. This ball 
is to be used in the rocking beam for the purpose of unbalancing, and also to exert the pressure of its specific g-ravity 
on the same at whatever point or position it may be in, and in so doing it assists in oscillating it. 

I is a rod secured to the band V . which is made adjustable on the rocking- beam. To this rod I is attached the 
upper end of the pitman J, the lower end of the pitman being secured to the crank-shaft K, upon which is mounted 
the fly-wheel E and g-ear-wheel M. 

The rocking- beam F is provided, on the opposite end to which the pitman is attached, with a rod, N, on which 
is placed an adjustable weight, N', which is secured at any desired point by means of the set-screw «. This weig-ht 
N'' is for the purpose of counterbalancing the adjustable band provided with the rod I, to which the pitman is 
attached, and also the pitman. 

The governor R is for the purpose of regulating- the motion of the machine, and is operated through the medium 
of the g-ear-wheel M on the crank-shaft K, which meshes into a pinion, O, on the straight shaft P, which revolves 
the bevel-wheel S on the same. This bevel-wheel meshes into the bevel-pinion T on the upright shaft of the g-over- 
nor, for revolving- the same. This governor is constructed in the usual manner, excepting in using- the cut-off 
valve, as in steam-eng-ines, which is dispensed with, and an automatic brake is used and operated by means of the 
rise and fall of the g-overnor-balls. 

The automatic brake consists of an elastic band, V, one end of which passes up through a hole in the g-uide-rod 
V^, projecting from the standard that supports the governor, and is connected to an arm, iv, projecting toward and 
partly around the upright shaft of the governor. The tension of said band is regulated by nuts and screw-thread 
on the end of said band. The other end of said band passes under a wheel, S, on the shaft P. and is secured to a 
projecting arm, w' , on the standard that supports the governor. 



117 



P&RPETUflL MOTION. 

The crank-shaft K is counterbalanced by a projecting- weig^ht, K'. 

I do not wish to confine myself to the precise construction of the rocking- beam as shown and described, as I 
intend in using in lieu thereof wires or rods, arranged in the form and shape of the rocking beam described, with 
mounted weights arranged to roll on them, which, in connection with the other parts of the machine, will accom- 
plish the same result. 

The lower tube, F", can be made semicircular in form and shape, instead of the form and shape of a \/\/. Anj' 
number of rocking beams may be used, and more than one ball can be used in the rocking beam by having inclined 
runwaj's and valves on each end of said beam, the rocking beam so arranged that the balls drop from one tube to 
the other at the center of the beam, and rolling alternatel}' from the center to the ends of the beam. 

In the library of the British Museum is an edition of '"A very necessarie & profitable booke, concerning Nav- 
igation, compiled in Latin by Joannes Taisnierus, public professor in Rome, Ferraria, and other universaties in 
Italie of the Mathmaticalles, named a Treatise of Continuall Motions : translated into English by Richard Eden." 
It is a black letter quarto tract, printed by Richard Jugge, without date, consisting of eighty-two pages. The first 
part is '■ Of the Vertue of the Loadstone," and the second part is " Of continual motion by the said stone Magnes." 
It was reprinted in 1579. 

In his introductory remarks, he observes, in allusion to continual motion, that it is — 
" The thing which is this day in manner from the beg-inning of the world, great philosophers witli jierpetual 
studie and great labour, have endeavoured to bring to effect, and desired end, hath neverthelesse hitherto remayned 
eyther unknown or hydde, not without great damage & hyndrance of most expert mathematicians. 

" From the begynnj'ng of the worlde, in manner all naturall philosophers and mathmaticians, with great expen- 
ces and labour, have attempted to fj-nde out a continual motion or moovyng ; yet unto this da3' have few or none 
atteyned to the true ende of their desyre. They have attempted to doo this with divers instruments & wheeles, & 
with quicksylver, not knowyng the virtue of this stone. Neyther can continual motion be founde by anye other 
meanes, than by the stone Magnes, in this manner. Make a hollowe case of sj'lver, after the fashion of a concave 
glasse, outwardly laboured with curious art of g-ravyng-, not onely for ornament, but also for lyghtnesse ; the lyg-hter 
that it is, so much the more eassyer shal it be mooved, neyther must it be so pearced through, that such as are 
ignorant of the hyd secrete, may easyly percey ve it. . . , 

" It must have on the inner svde certayn little nayles & denticles or small teeth of iron of one equal weyght, to 
be fastened on the border or margent, so the one be no further distant from the other, than is the thjxkness of a 
beane or chick pease. The sayd wheele also must be in all partes of equal weyghj-, then fasten the exiltree in the 
mj'ddest, upon the whiche the wheele maj' turne, the exiltree remaj-ning utterly immoveable. To the whiche exil- 
tree aga)-ne shal be joy ned a pynne of sylver, fastened to the same, & placed betweene the two cases in the hyg-hest 
parte, whereon place the stone Magnes. Beyng brought to aroundefourme, then (as is sayd) let the poles be founde: 
then the poles untouched, the two contrarye sydes lying betweene the poles, must be fyled & pullyshed, & and the 
stone broug-ht in manner to the fournie of an egge, & somewhat narrower in those two sj'des, lest the lower parte 



us 



PERPETUflL MOTION. 

thereof shoulde occupie the inferior place, that it may toucee the walles of the case lyke a little wheele. This done, 
place the stone upon the pynne, as a stone is fastened in a ryng-, with such art, that the north pole may a little in- 
clyne toward the denticles, to the ende that the virtue thereof woorke not directly his impression, but with a cer- 
tayne inclination geve his influence upon the denticles of iron. Every denticle therefore shall come to the north 
pole, & when by force of the wheele it shal somewhat pass that pole, it shal come to the south part, wheele shal 
drive it back agayne ; whom then agayne the pole artlike shall drawe as appeareth. And that the wheele may 
the sooner doo his office within the cases, inclosed therein a litle calculus (that is) a litle round stone or pillet of 
copper or sylver, of suche quantitie, that it may commodiously be receyved within any of the denticles : then 
when the' wheele shal be raysed up, the pellet or rounde weyght shal fal on the contrary parte. And whereas the 
the motion of the wheele downwarde to the lowest part, is perpetuall, & the fal of the pellet, opposite or contrary, 
ever receyved within any two of the denticles, the motion shall be perpetuall, because the weyght of the wheele 
& pellet ever enclyneth to the centre of the earth & lowest place. Therefore when it shal permit the denticles to 
rest above the stone, then shal it well serve to the purpose. The myddle places within thr denticles ought so arti- 
ficially to be made belo we, that they may aptly receive the f allyng pellet or plommet, as the fygure above declareth. 
And briefly to have wrytten thus much of continual motion may suffice. 

" Description of the Engraving, Fig. 3. — A, the stone ; B, the sylver pinne ; E, calculus, a liltle rounde stone 
small weyght." , 

No. 7 illustrates another form of gravity wheel halving ball receiving pockets and means for elevating the 
balls from the bottom part of the wheel. This method is an effort too, often repeated, to keep the center of gravity 
always at one side of the wheel axis while revolving. The balls as they pass from wheel at bottom roll into an 
elevator or carrier which dumps them at the top on the way a, from which they roll back into wheel-pocket. This 
form was the invention of Conradus Schweirs a doctor of divinitj'. and patented by him in 1790. 

Illustration No. 13 shows a form of Electric Perpetual Motion, often repeated in various ways. A B indicates 
boiler, E, engine, F, crank disk, G, power transmitting wheel, D, dynamo, belted with wheel G H, electric heater 
coil in boiler, I, electric heater circuit, and A, a bunson or other burner. The idea is to generate steam in the boiler 
sufficient to operate the dynamo, after which the dynamo generating current in circuit, energizes heat coil H. and 
maintains steam generation within boiler, without use of burner A. This form of motor is one advanced by many 
amateur electricians. 



119 




120 




121 



PERPETUf\L MOTION. 

Ag'ain is attention called to the interest g-iven this matter by learned men. 

A member of Parliament Sir William Cong-rove, inventor of the famous Cong-rove rocket was a belie-ver in and 
invented a perpetual motion illustrated by No. 4, in which the point of capillary is involved. AAA. are their roll- 
ers over which passes an endless band of sponges. On the outside of wheel is fitted an endless chain of weig-hts, the 
two moving- tog-ether ; all parts of the spong-e-band and chain being- of such accurate uniform weight that the per- 
pendicular side will, in all portions of the band and chain, be in balance with the hypothenuse, on the principle of an 
incline plane. Now, if the frame having the rollers be placed in water with the lower part immersed, then, if the 
weight and quantity of the endless chain, be duly proportioned to the thickness and breadth of the sponge-band, 
said band and chain will, on the water being brought to a proper level, begin to move round the rollers in the direc- 
tion indicated by arrow, by force of capillary attraction and continue to so move. 

In the vertical side of band the sponges are not compressed, and as the pores are open the sponge X absorbs the 
water and hence the water at that point rises above its level and creates a load on the vertical or down going side 
overbalancing the drj' or compressed side Y, it being assumed that the equilibrium of the chain at the outer side be 
not disturbed. 

The fallicy of this :notion is apparent when it is known that the moment the chain weig-hts move downward to 
to compress the ascending filled sponges to squeeze out the water therein, the equlibrium of the chain is disturbed 
and changed sufficient to counterbalance the plus weight accrued in the water side by fluid absorption. 

No. 14, illustrates the invention of one Jean Clunet, a Frenchman, who patented the same in England in 1869. 

Illustration No. 9, represents Bernard Lang's Machine, published in " La Nature" many years ago, and was one 
of the forms explained under the resolution passed in the Academic des Sciences of France 1775, by which it as re- 
solved it would not examine any further Perpetual Motion Machines, and thought it its duty to explain the fallacy 
of Perpetual Motion. The Lang Motor is best explained as follows : 

" Let there be a wheel, each of whose radii, A B, contains a small channel throug-h which there is a communi- 
cation between the two bellows, C D, one of which, C, is at the extremity of the radius, and the other, D, is near tlie 
center. The external side of these bellows is loaded with a weight. This granted, it will be seen that on one side 



122 



PERP&TUflL MOTION. 

(C, for example) the bellows farthest from the center will open, and those nearest must close. A liquid having been 
poured into each radius in sufficient quantity to fill its channel and one of the bellows, it is evident that on the side, 
C, such liquor will be at the extremity, that is to say, in the bellows that are open, while on the other side it will 
be in the bellows that arenear the center. Consequently one-half the wheel will be heavier than the other, and so 
the wheel itself ought to have perpetual motion. 

It would be quite difficult to show wherein this reasoning- is at fault ; but whoever knows the true principles of 
mechanics will not hesitate to wager one hundred to one such a machine, having been made, will not run." 

No. 15 illustrates another illusive form of weight motor, and represents a wheel with hollow spokes, in each 
of which is a weig-hted ball, A belt B, passes over two pulleys C. There is an opening around the wheel from 
nave to the circumference to permit the belt to pass freel3' and to meet the weights. The weights are met by the 
belt as the wheel revolves, and are raised from the circumference until they are at last brouglit clo.se to the nave 
where they remain till by the revolution of the wheel, they are allowed to roll through the wheel circumference. 
By this arrangement the weig^hts are always at one side of the wheel which causes the wheel (presumably) to con- 
tinually revolve, see arrow. 

No. II is the old standby, which catches the thought of the novice more frequentl3' than any other form, 
and is so old an idea that the date of its orig-in is '" out of date."' The operation of this motor is so plain (on paper) 
that further comment thereon is deemed unnecessary. 

No. 20 represents a self moving- railway carriage, which is supposed to consist of a series of inclined planes 
arranged in such manner that a cone will ascend one side wall and when raised over the summit will descend on 
the other side wall and continue to so alternately rise and fall. The idea is the more the carriag-e is loaded the 
greater will be its speed. This form of carriage invented earlj' in the 19th century only needed a path encircling- 
the earth to permit its continuing on its course, until it should " fall off the earth. "" 

No. 24 illustrates another attempt to make wheels retain an eccess of weights at one side by their center 
wheel re-volving-, and this form includes an endless chain A, passing over end pulleys B, over idler pullej's D, and 
another idler pulley C. The idea is that the increased weight on the chain on the down going- side will more than 
over balance the weight on the other side and the additional friction by reason of passing- over idlers C and D. 



12.S 




124 



PERPETUf\L MOTION. 

No. 17 is an electrical self-moving- device, v^hich is supposed to operate as follovs^s : 

The f rictional electric machine A is started by any means, v?hich magnetizes the mag^net C and draws arma- 
ture G to it. This breaks circuit at I EJ which demag^netizes the mag-net, C and permits spring J to ag-ain shift 
armature G to close the circuit, which allows magnet C to ag-ain draw the armature G over as soon as the ctank 
B passes its dead centre, which operation is repeated perpetually (supposedly*). 

No. 10 illustrates another form of self-mover, in which the buoyancy of one side is intended to lighten the as- 
cending weig-ht elevated by the weight on the opposite or downgoing side. 

No. 23 illustrates' a machine devised by a celebrated astronomer, James Ferguson, about 1770, the purpose of 
which was to show the fallacy of Perpetual Motion Machines. 

Nos. 18 and 19 illustrates types disclosed bj' the sketches in W. Stephen's Book, 1799, on No. 18 of which ve states. 
" The repulsion is twice through N, in the same time that it ceases at X," this obscure noting is surpassed in his 
reference to type 19. " Magnets at the end of spiral springs," intended no doubt to convey that, the magnet N 
attracts the weights a as they are partially being wound out by centrifugal force at Z, and in consequence con- 
stantly change points of gravity to magnet side of axis, and cause continuous rotation of wheel. 

Illustration No. 6 represents another form of shifting weight motor which the inventor said will not go, though 
he worked at it a year, and gave up in despair. This machine has central weights A, each weighing one-fourth 
more than the weights B, at the extremities of the arms. Each pair of weights, A and B are connected by a lever, 
link, and a bell crank C. 

The action of gravity in the central weights causes the sliding weights at the ends of the arms to assume the 
positions shown in the engraving. 

Had the inventor made proper inquiry as to the truth and falsity of his device, he might have found that the 
principle involved was worked on many years ago, and he might also have found that the lever device in perfect 
balance and thus saved himself needless worry and expense. 

No. 19 shows another form of shifting weights invented by Mr. Geo. Linton, an Englishman : 

A series of levers, A formed of sections having rule joints all pivotally secured to the periphery of wheel B. 

The outer end of each lever has a bucket or holder sufficiently large to receive a ball or weight D. The balls 
are so carried by the jointed lever as to discharge laterally on the upgoing side on to a guide, K on which they roll 
down to the extremity of the fully extended arm on the downgoing side. 



]25 



36 



-ZC 



.o <i<:s>. 




^^M, ^^ 






o 
X 




^•Cl 




36 r^ 





126 



PERPETUflL MOTION. 

No. 25 illustrates another form of air and fluid operated motor, in which, (within a cistern of water) is held a 
radial arm frame, the members of which are hollow and communicate with the hollow axle having- an opening- A. 
The wheel hub at one end has a crank, which, through rod B, connects with drive gear C, which operates the pitman 
F, connected to the bellows G, the nozzle of which discharges on the hollow axle. On one end of each radial arm is 
flitted a bladder H. The device is supposed to operate as follows. 

The bladder wheel starts the hollow arms, which, passing in a direction of the arrow, are successively broug-ht 
into communication with the opening A, on the axle and the bladder on the ends thereby inflated. The said bladders 
w^hen they pass up out of the fluid engage certain valve devices which lets the air out of them. One side thus being- 
inade lighter by the inflation of the bladder and by reason of the consequent increased weig-ht on the down-going- 
side, momentum is given to the gear which operates the bellows to keep up the supply of air for the bladders. 

This form, of motor looks very feasible, and in the hands of a good promoter, the averag-e man can be made to 
" see it work." The " promoter " is, however, an absolute essential or else you can't " see it." 

No. 26 illustrates a form of motor involving- the principle of hydrostatics, and reasons advanced for theoper- 
ativeness of this form of motor was that any body, specifically or bulk for bulk lighter than atmospheric air 
will rise and flow therein, consequently, if a certain quantity of vessels are attached at equi-distance around the 
rim of the wheel so arranged that one-half of the vessels shall be exhausted on one side of the wheel and the other 
half filled with air on the opposite side, the exhausted vessel will attain the highest part of the wheel and the full 
ones the lowest, thereby providing- a constant overbalance of the wheel at one side of its center (presumably). 

No. 27 again illustrates a scheme invented by one Herman I^eonhardt of bt. Gall, Switzerland. 

The floats as they enter the fluid in the tank are supposed to render that side more buoyant and as usual con- 
stantly shift excess of weig-ht to the outside of the tank. He also provides special means for preventing- eg-ress of 
fluid from tank as the floats enter therein. 

No. 28 illustrates a modification of the form shown in No. 27. 

No. 29. The large wheel, by force of gravity, is supposed to move constantly in the direction of the arrow be- 
tween the idler pulleys. 



127 



PERPBTUflL MOTION. 

No. 30 illustrates another fallacy supposed to operate by the shifting of cork floats on two rods passed trans- 
versel3' at right angles through a rotary fluid holder. In this form, as in all others in which float devices are 
employed, the decrease of weight caused on one side by the supposed increase of bou5'anc3' on the other side is 
counter balanced by the displacement of the fluid b)' the floats and the increased weight of water in the spaces be- 
tween the floats. 

No. 31 represents the wheel of Orf^'reus at Hesse Cassel, Germany, much talked about the j-ear 1720, and which 
was, probably, made to revolve during the time of exhibition by some concealed apparatus. It consists of a number 
of cells or partitions distinguished by the letters of the alphabet which are made between the interior and exterior 
surfaces of two concentric cj'linders, the partitions being placed obliquely with respect to the radius, a cylindrical 
or spherical weight placed on each. It is seen by the figure that these weights will lie against the inner surfaces of 
the large cylinder whenever the outer end of the bottom partition of any cell is lowest ; and, on the contrar3', when 
that extremitj' is highest the weight will rest on the surface of the interior cj'linder. 

No. 32 represents an artificial machine for constant motion ; invented by Col. Kranach, who, in a book printed 
at Hamburgh, Germany, asserts, that when once put in motion for any of the following works, it will continue its 
operation both night and day without any other help or assistance except that of a small quantity of standing 
water ; that by it large and heavj' weights nia.j be drawn up, to 2,000 weight ; that in twentj'-four hours it will 
fling out 2,400 barrels of water, and is therefore highly necessary for the draining of land overflown bj' inunda- 
tions ; that it may be emploj'ed instead of wind or water mills, for all manner of uses, and that the machine may 
be put in either a quick or slow motion. 

No. S3 shows P. V. Stansel's pump, in the nature of a wheel acting pump. A B C is a large cistern of water, 
above which is another cistern D E, which is supplied from the lower cistern by the pump X, operated bj' the water 
wheel M N, the crank L, of which is attached by a rod K, to the horizontal beam H I K, which swings at H. from 
the side of the upper cistern, as shown at P G H, the force-pump X on the depression of the plunger O, causes the 
water to rise up the vertical pipe P Q R S, and thence discharge itself into the cistern D. from which a small por- 
tion is allowed to escape through the short pipe T V, whence it falls on the water wheel, and so on continuousl}'. 

No. 35 illustrates a hydraulic machine the object of which is to elevate water by means of a force pump oper- 
ated by water wheel. We here see the raised water flowing abovt like a fountain, while the surplus water falls on 
the water wheel. 



12s 



PERPETUflL MOTION. 

No. 34 relates to a device disclosed by I. P. Kircher. Let there be a wheel A, in which are two weights C and D of 
any kind, lead or stone, or in the form of vessels and filled with water or soiiie other fluid : this wheel should move 
around the centre E with a motion either temporary or perpetual ; and the wheel mig-ht be moved not by any exterior 
accent but by the weight themselves. It is manifest from the property of beams and balances, that if the two 
weights C and D are equal and depend from equal beams or arms of the balance, there will be no motion to and 
fro, for neither preponderates ; therefore if the wheel or arms of the balance C D, are to move to and fro for any 
space of time, some force requires to be added ; and to move perpetually in a circle they must be impelled b)' this 
suspended force. And the reason of the first is that it is natural for both weights to gravitate equally iti the center 
of the wheel or its fulcrum E. 

No. 36 illustrates Dr. Jacob's Magnetical invention, consisting of a string of iron balls A, suspended on a 
grooved wheel E on an axle C, between two uprights F P. H indicates a large loadstone which is to attract the 
balls at D, and so cause the balls to rotate. 

No. 37 illustrates a water screw, the purpose of which is not quite so obvious as to be understood at first view. 
The inventor, however, intended it for a perpetual motion. 

No. 38 illustrates another "water screw " having a grindstone for cutlery, etc. This machine is also intended 
for perpetual motion. 

The water is discharged from the reservoir A, by the sluce B, on the water wheel C, which turns the open screw 
cylinder D, by means of a toothed wheel E, the cog wheel F, the spoke wheel G, together with the cylinder H and 
the spoke wheel I, meshing with a small cog wheel L, together with the cylinder M, and the handle R, turns the 
small spoke wheel of the screw cylinder H, and the screw cylinder itself, and thus draw up again the water dis- 
charged from the reservoir A, through the spiral screw O. 

No. 39 illustrates another ancient form of perpetual tnotion, in which A indicates a cup nearly full of mercury 
and B the height the mercury will rise by its own weight in the itiain pipe K, when the lower cock is open. E 
a hollow globe which must be capable of a greater quantity than the whole pipe K ; P the upper cock bj' which the 
mercury is filled into the engine and about 21" higher than the line B ; D the middle cock, which, when open lets 
the nrercury fall upon the buckets of the wheel G, and then passes down a funnel I. which contracts itself into a 
pipe which directs the mercury into the cup A ; H a case which entirely covers the wheel (being of the same metal, 
and of a piece with the pipe), through which the axis of the wheel passes, tQ set another wheel going ; so becoming 
the principal mover in the clock or engine to be operated. 

129 




130 



PERP&TUf\L MOTION. 

No. 40 illustrates the invention of a German bj' the name of Paul Toth. who published in a German paper in 
December 1857, an account of his patent water-power, which patent was g'ranted him in September previous. He 
defines the motion as requiring- parts that cannot last eternally, but having- the property to move eternally. He 
provides a turbine in a vacuum, by means of which a perpetual waterfall is rendered possible b5'^ this machine, 
that drives a turbine in the vacuum and thus lower again by means of a wheel on its axis, acts on a pump which 
raises the escaped water up again to the reservoir. 

No. 41 illustrates a patent granted to one Henry A. Bonneville and which is described as ■' an Improved Ma- 
chine constructed on Self-Moving Principles for Obtaining Motive Power." and the invention consists in a hy- 
draulic self-moving apparatus producing a useful force bj' means of the simple weight of water. 

No. 42 illustrates one of Orfyreus' ideas, the great Professor of Mathematics. This was published in Novem- 
ber 1717, in a publication called the "■ News of the curious and wonderful trial of the Orfyreus wheel at the Castle 
of Wessenstein near Bassel, which was supposed to have run from November 1717 to January 1718, — eight weeks in 
all, shut up in an apartment and sealed by the Landgraf in his castle, and which on being opened satisfied him of 
the truth of perpetual motion, and $10,000 was o-ffered to any one executing a similar work. The diameter of the 
wheel was 12 feet and onlj' y^ foot thicker than the Merseburg machine ; the axle was 6 feet long and 8 inches thick ; 
the frame of solid oak, and on each side had a pendulum fixed, which equally regulated the movement. It is stated 
it raised a very heavy box full of stones by nreans of a puile}% without any visible outward means of eifecting the 
the motion. This invention is considered a true perpetual motion as advertised by the L,andgraf in his certificate 
dated the 27th day of May 1718. and it is believed to be a self-turning wheel, which would last as long as the mater- 
ial would last. 

No. 43 indicates another form of wheel with constantly chang-ing weights in which a series of an equal number 
of slidable balls are fitted on radial spokes, which bj' centrifugal action are constantly thrown to change the center 
of gravitj'. 

No. 44 illustrates another form of such wheel which has the balls like the one shown in illustration 43. with 
the exception that to assist in drawing the balls outward instantly as they reach their upper positions, the said 
balls are made to abut the yielding bearings adjacent the hub of the end of coil springs. 



131 



PBRPETUfVL MOTION. 

No. 45 illustrates U. S. Patent No. 98.946. No. 46 illustrates U. S. Patent No. 29.149. No. 47 illustrates U. S. 
Patent No. 133,139. No. 48 illustrates another form of thermometer, in which the mercury is supposed to drip as 
it constantly flows to its highest point by the rise of temperature. No. 49 illustrates another form 
of motor, which, it cannot be absolutely termed a perpetual motion, it is so much related thereto that it is illus- 
trated and it represents U. S. Patent No. 242,454. 

No. 50 explains itself. 




Tne FeUPETUAb./MOTION /vieRKy.GO.ROUNO. 

CONCLUSION. 

To those who still occupy themselves with this fallacious idea, it is deemed proper to repeat, no perpetual mo. 
tion, that is a machine capable of moving itself and others not self-movers, or in other words, a selt-moving 
machine capable of transmitting power, has. up to the present time, been produced. 

Those who have studied, experimented, and produced various forms of such motion have found nothing but 
embarrassment and failure. The would-be solver should carefully study what has been presented and remember 
that minds both scientific and otherwise have followed this "■ phantom" for centuries and althou^'h such phantom 
appears to be active enough to have sufficient motion to keep beyond the reach of man's ingenuity and thereby in 
fact remain, as it were, a " perpetual motion," it alwa5's manages to keep ahead of those who are trying to catch it. 



1.^2 



SUMMARY OF CONTENTS, 

A Word of Warning and Advice 83 

A Word witb. You 4-5 

Assisrnment s 9 

Alternate Screw Mechanisms, Cam and Link Motions, etc 37 

Abandonment 16 

Attorney's Charores 101-102-103 

Be Careful 77 

Brake Mechanisms, Link Chains, Roller Mills, etc 36. 

Brake Mechmisms, Cam Devices, etc. 38 

Bicycle Movements 45-50-55 

Bicycle Gearinu- 51 

Bicycle Brakes, etc 56 

Caveat 10 

Composition of Matter 8 

Collapsible Frames, Compound Gearing, etc 45 

Conception of Invention 16 

Clutch Devices, Gearing, Drill Motions, etc 34 

Clutch Mechanisms, Cam Motions, etc 35 

Crank and Lever Movements 48 

Copy-Rights 12 

Cash Register Movements ■ 54-59 

Decisions of the Supreme Court and the Commissioners of Patents CO-100 

Drive Gearing, Link and Crank Motions 33 

Dieterich's 50 Perpetual Motions 108-128 

Designs 12 

Disclaimers 11 



133 



CONTENTS, 

Fees, Price of Publication in the V. S. Patent Office. Attemeys' Pees 138 

Field of Invention 21 

I'lesible Joints. Toggle Joints, etc 43 

Foreign Patents 62 

Foreigrn Patents 

Canada 64 

Foreiffn Patents 

Belgrium 

Anstria ; 

France 

Canada Applications 65 

Foreigm Patents 

England, Germany 6G-67 

Foreign Patents 

Franco ■ 68 

Foreign Patents 

Belgium 69 

Forms of Assignment 

Agreement to Assign 104 

Assignment before Patent.. 105 

Assignment after Patent 106 

Gear Mechanisms 24-30" 

Governor Mechanisms, Pulley Blocks, Bearing Devices, etc 40 

How to Select an Attorney 71 

How to Secure an Attorney 74-75 

How to Sella Patent 80 



i.u 



.. . CONTENTS, 

How to Proceed to Sell a Patent 84 

How to Obtain a Patent 16 

How to Proceed with Simple Inventions ; • 8S 

Interference 17 

IdleBloments , 78 

Journal Bearings. Hydraulic Ram, Joints, etc 42-47 

Lever and Cam Mechanisms 31 

Labels 11 

Marking: Patented Articles 10 

(iOO Mechanical Blovements 23 

Models 8 

Mills, Chains, Brakes, etc 41 

Mangle Racks 42^43 

Mooring: Anchors--. 45 

Model Hall of U. S. Patent Oface 61 

Nx» Patent No Pay Plan 102 

Oath 6 

Parents 7 

Patent Solicitors - 72-73 

Patent Right Securer 76 

Patent Office Lobby -. 79 

Patent Right Selling Agents 81-83 

Pulley.^ and Holders. i2-43-45 

Patent Drawings 87-88 

Rei-ssues , 11 

Rotary Engines 44-49 



135 



CONTENTS, 

Title 1 

Trade-Marks VI 

The Application for a Patent in the Patent Office 14 

The Field of Invention 20 

T3T)ewriter Movements 52-57-58 

Time in which to Make a Foreign Application 63 

A Person of Inventive Genius 18 

r. S. Patent Office 6 

U. S. Capitol -■ 22 

U. S. Congressional Library 70 

V. S. State, War and Navy Department 107 

Velocipede and Bicycle Movements 53 

What isKeciiiired to Obtain a Patent 7 

What is Patentable 15 

What is not Patentable. • 15 

When to Apply for a Patent 15 

What Will a Patent Cost 17 

Why Patents Pay >8 

What to Invent for Profit 19 

Wheels 20 

Women as Inventors '^*' 

When to Beirin to Sell a Patent "^S 

White House **9 

You Will Need an Attorney ^' 



136 



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